Free Essays on Crito

In Plato’s Crito, Socrates has been condemned to death by the court of Athens and is being held until his execution. The Crito is the recorded record of the discussion among Socrates and his companion Crito, in which Crito is attempting to persuade Socrates that he should spare his life and departure, while Socrates contends that he should remain and acknowledge his discipline. One of the contentions concerning the perspective that it is ethically directly for Socrates to escape from jail and spare his own life is the accompanying: 1.) Socrates is a parent. 2.) A parent has an obligation to give and care to their kid. 3.) If a parent disregards this obligation than the parent is putting the child’s wellbeing in peril. 4.) It is ethically off-base for an individual to put another person’s wellbeing into peril. 5.) If a parent is absent in their child’s life it is equivalent to the parent disregarding their obligation to give and care to the kid. 6.) If Socrates doesn't escape from jail and is executed he will be dead. 7.) If Socrates is dead he won't be available in his children’s lives. 7.) Therefore it is ethically directly for Socrates to escape from jail. Legitimately restricting this contention is the contention of why it is ethically off-base for Socrates to escape from jail. 1.) It is ethically off-base for an individual to decide to do abhorrent over great. 2.) The laws are set up to advise individuals acceptable behavior evenhandedly and to keep up harmony and request inside a general public. 3.) It is ethically option to keep up request and harmony. 4.) Every resident is ethically required to keep the law to keep up request and harmony inside the city. 5.) Socrates is a resident of the city of Athens. 6.) Socrates was indicted and condemned to be executed by the Athenian methodology of the law. 7.) Accepting the disciplines given out by the law is equivalent to observing the law. 8.) Breaking the law is deciding to do abhorrent over great. 9.) If... Free Essays on Crito Free Essays on Crito In Plato’s Crito, Socrates has been condemned to death by the court of Athens and is being held until his execution. The Crito is the recorded record of the discussion among Socrates and his companion Crito, in which Crito is attempting to persuade Socrates that he should spare his life and departure, while Socrates contends that he should remain and acknowledge his discipline. One of the contentions concerning the perspective that it is ethically directly for Socrates to escape from jail and spare his own life is the accompanying: 1.) Socrates is a parent. 2.) A parent has an obligation to give and care to their kid. 3.) If a parent dismisses this obligation than the parent is putting the child’s security in risk. 4.) It is ethically off-base for an individual to put another person’s wellbeing into danger. 5.) If a parent is absent in their child’s life it is equivalent to the parent disregarding their duty to give and care to the youngster. 6.) If Socrates doesn't escape from jail and is executed he will be dead. 7.) If Socrates is dead he won't be available in his children’s lives. 7.) Therefore it is ethically directly for Socrates to escape from jail. Straightforwardly contradicting this contention is the contention of why it is ethically off-base for Socrates to escape from jail. 1.) It is ethically off-base for an individual to decide to do detestable over great. 2.) The laws are set up to advise individuals the proper behavior evenhandedly and to keep up harmony and request inside a general public. 3.) It is ethically option to keep up request and harmony. 4.) Every resident is ethically required to adhere to the law to keep up request and harmony inside the city. 5.) Socrates is a resident of the city of Athens. 6.) Socrates was indicted and condemned to be executed by the Athenian methods of the law. 7.) Accepting the disciplines given out by the law is equivalent to adhering to the law. 8.) Breaking the law is deciding to do detestable over great. 9.) If... Free Essays on Crito Logicians have existed since man could think unreservedly. Nonetheless, naturally they are dubious and frequently loathed or misjudged. Such is the situation with Socrates in Plato’s Crito. As a result of his perspectives, Socrates has been tossed behind bars. During his preliminary in Athens he was indicted for the denounced wrongdoings by the law and condemned to death. Presently Socrates anticipates his demise in jail. The principal contention that Crito makes is that in the event that Socrates stays in jail, at that point it will consider seriously the entirety of his companions. In any case, Socrates answers that a man ought not stress over what others consider him. Or maybe they should stress over living admirably. While Crito attempts to convince Socrates to leave the jail with him, Socrates gives forward numerous reasons why it would not be right for him to leave the jail. As a matter of first importance there is a straightforward rule that the two of them must concur upon. What's more, that will be that one can't battle detestable with abhorrent. When that is off the beaten path Socrates asks Crito, What is a man to do, â€Å"what he announces to be correct or what he knows is wrong?† Obviously the appropriate response is the thing that a man declares to be correct. Nonetheless, for this situation Socrates realizes he should challenge the courts choice, yet at what cost. For you see, Socrates has just declared that malicious can't be fought with abhorrent, and for him to be testing the courts he would mutilate Athens laws and customs. To do this would be equivalent to fouling up to the Athenian individuals. So in actuality Socrates is trapped in a â€Å"catch 22.† Socrates additionally discloses that to hurt the laws is deny his citizenship. The laws have consistently existed and have controlled his life since before he was conceived. The laws likewise represented his instruction and day by day exercises. Truth be told he is a captive to the laws. Furthermore, as it is ill-advised for a captive to ignore or strike his lord, Socrates can't hurt the laws, since they are on various planes of presence. Socrates likewise includes tha... Free Essays on Crito 1.) The Crito was composed by Plato, who related the discussion held among Crito and Socrates not long before his passing. Socrates was accused of the debasement of the adolescent and was given a decision of outcast or demise. He picked demise, and Crito was not in any way upbeat about his choice. Crito felt that Socrates had been wronged by the legislature and should escape into banish. Socrates deviated, saying that reacting to insidious with abhorrent isn't right. In the event that Socrates got away, he would do damage to society all in all. By getting away from it could be viewed as him attempting to pulverize the laws and thusly, the entire city by his activities, subverting the law. Socrates feels that â€Å"You should either convince it [the laws] or comply with its requests, and suffer peacefully whatever it educates you to endure†¦ (p.51)† at the end of the day, Socrates feels that it isn't right to fight the laws of the city since it disturbs the general public, making them imagine that it’s alright to ignore laws and to dissent and be vicious against them, eventually demolishing the basic culture. By getting away into oust, Socrates would be conflicting with his own way of thinking. Going into oust implies that he would be battling detestable with abhorrent and that he isn't doing his part as a resident. Nonetheless, in particular, Socrates feels that life does not merit living if the ethical piece of us is defiled and that going into oust is doing moral damage. Socrates likewise realizes that he settled on the choice to stay in Athens which implies that he thinks the laws are simply and right. In the event that he felt they weren’t, he could have left and gone somewhere else whenever. In any case, he didn't; consequently he made an implicit agreement to comply with the laws through his citizenship, and to acknowledge his sentence of death that he himself picked. In the event that Socrates thought banish was the correct activity, he would’ve picked that as his sentence. He had a decision first and foremost, and there’s no turning around now. On the off cha nce that he went into oust now an... Free Essays on Crito Reasoning 1010-008 Crito and Euthyphro Crito The Crito appears to be proposed to show the character of Socrates in two lights, one as the rationalist, and the other just as the productive member of society, who having been shamefully sentenced is eager to surrender his life in acquiescence to the laws of the State. The times of Socrates are attracting to an end. The lethal boat has been seen off Sunium. Time is valuable and Crito has come right off the bat so as to pick up his agree to design a break. Crito accepts, his companions, who can bear to help Socrates’ getaway to Thessely, or some other spot, can without much of a stretch achieve this. Crito will have no trouble in discovering companions in Thessaly and different spots, who might ensure Socrates and welcome him to remain. Socrates is worried about the possibility that that Crito is being impacted by the assessments of the many. Socrates accepts that you should just esteem the assessments of the specialists. You don't go to a shoe sales rep with an inquiry concerning your wellbeing, similarly as you don’t get some information about the best shoe. â€Å"But why, my dear Crito, would it be advisable for us to think about the assessment of the many? The most sensible individuals, to whom one should give more consideration, will accept that things were done as they were done.† Crito. â€Å"But do you see, Socrates, that the assessment of the many must be respected, as is clear in your own case, since they can do the best malicious to any individual who has lost their great opinion.† Socrates. â€Å"I just wish, Crito, that they could; for then they could likewise do the best great, and that would be well. In any case, in all actuality, they can do neither great nor underhanded: they can't make a man astute or make him absurd; and whatever they do is the aftereffect of possibility. (Plato: Five Dialogs 44c-e).† â€Å"One ought to follow the assessment of the savvy (doctors and coaches) with respect to the wellbeing of the

PERFORMANCE BUDGETING Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Execution BUDGETING - Coursework Example This makes it simple and productive to assess the exhibition of the concerned directors at work conveyance. Execution planning centers around the adjustments in the subsidizing of the financial plan as opposed to the guess fronted by the past spending cycles. This makes it progressively adaptable and fitting for open planning whose requests are dynamic. It offers adaptability for the movement of financial plans when necessities emerges. Notwithstanding these, it distinguishes offices and projects that look for comparable objectives henceforth attracting between connections to the council considerations and empowering a chance of expanded mindfulness and financial plans to the neighborhood governments. At last, execution planning gives a stage to remunerating accomplishment and forcing of authorizations on account of horrible showing. This properties makes it appropriate for open part planning everywhere including the central government. In any case, it will introduce significant difficulties to the central government. The productivity evaluations utilized in this model are simple since they measure bureaucratic movement quantitatively as opposed to subjectively. This inadequacy implies the central government could by concentrating on the amount of the administrations instead of its quality. In addition not every single bureaucratic action are effectively quantifiable. Execution planning framework is convenient while assessing the yield of the directors after spending allotments. It gives an understanding on how the dispensed spending plan was spent, its effect and impacts. This model of bookkeeping is thus reasonable for open planning where honesty and administration conveyance is

Java Statements (Definition, Types and Examples)

Java Statements (Definition, Types and Examples) Explanations are like sentences in the English language. A sentence shapes a total thought which can incorporate at least one conditions. Moreover, an announcement in Java frames a total order to be executed and can incorporate at least one articulations. In more straightforward terms, a Java articulation is only a guidance that clarifies what ought to occur. Kinds of Java Statements Java bolsters three distinct kinds of articulations: Articulation statementsâ change estimations of factors, call strategies, and make objects.Declaration statementsâ declare variables.Control-stream statementsâ determine the request that announcements are executed. Ordinarily, Java explanations parse from the top to the base of the program. Be that as it may, with control-stream proclamations, that request can be hindered to execute spreading or circling so the Java program can run specific segments of code dependent on specific conditions. Instances of Java Statements /revelation explanation int number; /articulation explanation number 4; /control stream explanation on the off chance that (number 10 ) {  â //articulation explanation   System.out.println(number is under ten); }

Behaviourist And Cognitive Approach To Learning Theories

Behaviorist And Cognitive Approach To Learning Theories The two primary powerful learning approaches are the behaviorist and the psychological way to deal with learning speculations. This report basically assesses how learning speculations are applied in the 14-19 Applied Science homeroom. It looks at how behaviorism, albeit an obsolete hypothesis, is as yet pertinent in the advanced study hall is as yet utilized in building up the prizes and authorizes strategies of the cutting edge school. The effect of Piagets hypothesis of subjective improvement is assessed and what potential challenges may emerge in the event that they were applied precisely as Piaget directed. The effect of clinging thoroughly to Piaget maturational stages is reprimanded and how it probably won't be conceivable to cling to set ages for movement in a school. Kolb, Vygotsky and Bruners constructivist approaches are looked at and demonstrated that, when applied to a persuaded class they fill in as they were initially expected but then when applied to a progressively antagonized class, they arent as effortlessly applied. The science study hall is a characteristically perilous spot for understudies to work in (Frost, Turner 2005, p.168). It is in this manner important to impart a degree of control in the understudies, to guarantee they limit the perils to themselves as well as other people in the science study hall. It is important to condition (Child 1997, pp.114-121)the understudies to act when certain orders are given. Conduct scholars accepted that the psyche was a clear record clean slate and that we could watch the reaction to upgrade that happened to a life form. Watson felt that a reaction is bound to be associated with a natural occasion (boost), if that improvement reaction is rehashed normally and with a brief timeframe between them (Child 1997, p.115). Thorndike indicated that the understudy is less inclined to rehash negative upgrade reactions, which along these lines implies that there will be an expansion in the positive improvement reactions, until a right reaction is rehashed routinely. The boost reaction is then fortified at whatever point a positive outcome is produced.(Child 1997, pp.114-121). Skinner made a few ends from his discoveries in Operant Conditioning (Child 1997, pp.119-121). The means taken in the molding procedure must be little. Normal prizes are required at the beginning periods, however once the molding is reflexive, prizes can be given less routinely. The prizes must come quickly or not long after a positive reaction to guarantee most extreme adequacy (criticism) (Child 1997, pp.114-121) When talking about learning hypotheses, its important to make reference to Pavlov because of the significance held in his work, regardless of whether it doesnt actually legitimately influence the study hall. Pavlov spearheaded the possibility of traditional molding with his renowned analysis where he instructed pooches to salivate, when an improvement was applied, not long before food was given to them. The pooches inevitably related the ringing of the ringer with the appearance of food and salivated fully expecting the food showing up (Child 1997, pp.116-118). Pavlovs work doesn't legitimately connection to educating in the study hall, however it applies, in that the understudies might be adapted, to have a memory or a reaction to an occasion that occurs inside the homeroom condition. During my exercises I attempted to actualize Watson, Thorndikes and Skinners hypothesis of Operant Conditioning in the study hall to change the conduct of the class. The objective was to condition the understudies to reflexively quit talking when I moved to a specific zone of the room; utilizing the hypothesis that the understudies would rehash conduct that got a positive reaction, and not rehash conduct that got a negative reaction. I at first began to adjust their conduct by moving to one side of the front work area, holding my hand up and sitting tight for quietness in a similar detect, each time I expected them to quit talking and tune in. At first it was important to request quiet and advise them that I was standing by to talk. Now and again it was important to give an assent according to the science divisions rules of two alerts, at that point giving a detainment or keeping them in for piece of their break if, on the off chance that they didnt quit talking rapidly enough. In th e event that the class quit talking rapidly, they would be compensated with acclaim and if the exercise had gone well a class award of a game or rivalry toward the end, on the off chance that it was proper. Positive criticism about execution is said to positively affect future execution. Skinner called it fortification; Thorndike considered it The Law of Effect.(Child 1997, pp.115-121) McAllister et al. (1969) found that adulating understudies not just went about as an encouraging feedback of conduct, however that the commendation may have additionally worked by causing peer bunch pressure in the class to diminish improper conduct, in light of the fact that the negative conduct considered the class overall (McAllister et al. 1969). Banduras Social Learning Theory would state that the understudies were not exclusively being adapted to react to the educator, yet in addition gaining from their companions activities with respect to what was fitting conduct in the classroom.(Atherton 2009) Before the finish of the a month and a half, the understudies were beginning to react to the progressive estimation as portrayed by Skinner (Child 1997, p.121)positively and required reminding less that I was standing by to converse with them. It was obvious that they very much wanted the positive reaction of tuning in and being permitted to proceed with whatever movement I had arranged, to the negative reaction of not tuning in and accepting an authorization, before proceeding with the action I had arranged. One might say that they were experiencing Learned Helplessness (Atherton 2009a)and had abandoned having the option to change the exercise by negative conduct. Because of the need to give a sheltered workplace in the study hall, I additionally took a shot at the class reacting to the order STOP when they were doing research facility work. The thought being that if STOP was said noisily to the entire class, that they consequently stop what they are doing, quit talking, go to where the instructor is in the study hall and get ready for guidelines that are significant or security related. In the beginning times of molding, consistent fortification is expected to set up the Stimulus-Response link.(Child 1997, p.119) The troubles while attempting to actualize these hypotheses was down to the measure of time engaged with getting the understudies reacting to the boost emphatically. The hypothesis of having the option to compensate the understudies for reacting decidedly and endorse them on the off chance that they dont isnt suitable in this circumstance, because of the genuine idea of the order. On the off chance that the understudies dont react to it, it could at last end up with desperate results in a crisis circumstance. The STOP order specifically was a troublesome one to actualize because of its rare use and the earnestness of its utilization that was suggested to the understudies. In the event that the order was abused, at that point it would lose its significance as something genuine, however then again on the off chance that it wasnt rehearsed enough, the understudies would not react properly when the order was given. Another intriguing circumstance that emerged was from the consideration cornering understudies, in that the additionally requesting understudies are set up to endure the minor burden of the negative fortification on the off chance that they get the consideration time from the instructor. (McAllister et al. 1969) Seeing the understudies all the more habitually, I am certain that they could be molded speedier and show the intrinsic reaction more promptly than when I was just ready to see them a couple of times each week. Behaviorism is clearly still applicable in the cutting edge school (McQuillan 1998), regardless of whether it is a to some degree obsolete hypothesis. Schools despite everything have their assents approaches based around Operant Conditioning and negative fortification with different degrees of alerts and detainments set up for negative conduct. This will stay compelling for whatever length of time that approach producers permit these assents to be utilized. In any case, Skinners conviction that we are on the whole clear records and what goes on inside our secret elements (Child 1997, pp.119-121) when we learn isn't significant, isn't applicable anymore.(Child 1997, pp.113-121) The understudies I have worked with and instructed are on the whole one of a kind as a part of their characters and show totally various methods of learning. To state that the learning forms they experience are just identified with outer upgrade and their reaction to that improvement doesn't associate with what has been seen in the study hall. Constructivist Theory has had a major influence in the current instructive condition in schools. Driver and Easley presented constructivism as it is known now to the science network in 1978. (Solomon 1994, p.3)They expressed what was already an unavailable hypothesis for science, available to the logical instructive network. The 14-19 study hall permits us to take a gander at how Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development is applied. Piaget saw that youngsters experience four unmistakable phases of psychological development (Burton 2001, pp.237-239) Phases of Cognitive Development (Atherton 2009b) In the 14-19 study hall, as per Piagets hypothesis, all the understudies have arrived at the Formal Operational phase of intellectual turn of events and are equipped for creating speculative circumstances and comprehend unique ideas. Understudies ought to have the option to apply their comprehension of a circumstance and in principle have the option to speculate what might occur in a given occasion. (Kid 1997, pp.191-207) As a matter of fact obviously not all understudies arrive at the Formal Operation stage simultaneously and in certainty the multi year and up limit isn't as obvious as that (Child 1997, p.202-203). Inside my Year 9 KS3 classes most of the understudies were at the Formal Operation phase of advancement and were equipped for taking a theoretical thought, for example, switches and snapshot of a power and applying their insight and comprehension to determine the condition for ascertaining the snapshot of a power themsel

Personal development Essay

Self-awareness and achievement are frequently, if not generally, tied up with a fruitful and fulfilling vocation or professions. This implies profession advancement is a key component to a personal growth program, regardless of whether for a grown-up or youthful understudy; in any event, for a develop understudy. Do you concur or oppose this idea? Why?  â â â â â â â â â â Career advancement is a key, if not focal piece of each individual’s development. It is a part of mankind which ought to essentially follow and apply where ‘growth’ and ‘development’ of an individual is concerned. I trust it holds extraordinary essentialness to an individual not just on the grounds that it characterizes the individual’s character as far as where the individual stands in the public eye, but since it will likewise impact and maybe direct an individual’s individual or private life to the disservice or improvement of it. Profession advancement should then be sought after on the off chance that one is relied upon to develop comprehensively and have a fantastic existence. Is it essential to have specific qualities and aptitudes in a specific vocation or is fate increasingly significant?  â â â â â â â â â â Both are significant in each part of life, yet more so in each profession. Having specific qualities and aptitudes and buckling down in sharpening them is significant in school, the working environment, and the remainder of society. Openings and blessed unforeseen development which work to further our potential benefit are likewise significant, and ought to be followed up on, yet bouncing in an undertaking without the best possible abilities and previously mentioned qualities can just bring individuals up until this point, or not bring them anyplace by any means. Quality and abilities, just as the occasion of favorable luck holds extraordinary essentialness in each vocation, and add to its turn of events. Do you feel the vast majority are pushed and discontent with their occupations? For what reason do you suspect as much numerous individuals work at occupations they truly have no enthusiasm for and additionally may really detest?  â â â â â â â â â â ‘Work’ isn’t expected to be fun, at any rate not traditionally. Individuals do what they can to get by, to acquire charge dollars and include themselves in the troubling drag of work they loathe or even despise, throughout each and every day with expectations of finding an all the more fulfilling and satisfying occupation, to resign youthful, and appreciate the remainder of what life brings to the table. Sadly the vast majority of us land trapped in ‘transitional’ positions which we wind up accomplishing for the more noteworthy degree

Open Thread Not Admitted Early

Open Thread Not Admitted Early There were many wonderful applicants to MIT this year, which unfortunately means that we had to turn down some great students. For those of you who fall into this category, this is an open forum for you to talk,  shake it off, and remember that you will  survive, even  thrive, wherever you go; whatever you do. Stove-cook your oatmeal and never look back. We understand that this may be a difficult time for you, but we ask that you converse in the comments below civilly and with the best of intentions, as that is the spirit of our process. Open Thread Not Admitted Early There were many wonderful applicants for Early Action this year, which unfortunately means that we had to turn down a large number of incredible students. For those of you who fall into this category, this is an open forum for you to talk and shake it off together. We understand that this may be a difficult time for you, but we ask that you converse civilly and with the best of intentions, as that is the spirit of our process. Open Thread Not Admitted Early There were many wonderful applicants for Early Action this year, which unfortunately means that we had to turn down a large number of incredible students. For those of you who fall into this category, this is an open forum for you to talk. We understand that this may be a difficult time for you, but we ask that you converse civilly and with the best of intentions, as that is the spirit of our process. *hug* Open Thread Not Admitted Early There were many wonderful applicants for Early Action this year, which unfortunately means that we had to turn down a large number of incredible students. For those of you who fall into this category, this is an open forum for you to talk and shake it off together. We understand that this may be a difficult time for you, but we ask that you converse civilly and with the best of intentions, as that is the spirit of our process. Open Thread Not Admitted Early There were many wonderful applicants for Early Action this year, which unfortunately means that we had to turn down a large number of incredible students. For those of you who fall into this category, this is an open forum for you to talk and shake it off together. We understand that this may be a difficult time for you, but we ask that you converse civilly and with the best of intentions, as that is the spirit of our process. Open Thread Not Admitted Early There were many wonderful applicants to MIT this year, which unfortunately means that we had to turn down some great students. For those of you who fall into this category, this is an open forum for you to talk,  shake it off, and remember that you will survive, even thrive, wherever you go; whatever you do.

History of Sports in the 19th Century Research Assignment - 1375 Words

History of Sports in the 19th Century Research Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstructorCourseDateHistory of Sports in the 19th CenturyHardly does one mention Americas History without synonymously mentioning sports and contribution of sports towards the development of Americas history and culture. Interest in sports seemingly reaches across dividing lines of geography, gender, age, income, race, and ethnicity. Such, however, was not the case prior to the nineteenth century. Precisely, in the eighteenth century, the word sport was a less flattering term as it was used to designate an individual that was a gambler, rake, or a lad who lived by his wits (Davies). By the nineteenth century, nevertheless, the term denoted athletic games guided by clearly defined rules and played by both highly trained amateurs and professionals with spectators cheering on their favorites. With the new understanding of sports, major themes that have shaped the culture of America emerged that were influenced and cultivated with the evolution of sports and games. Th ese themes include religion, nationalism, mass media and technological changes, white supremacy, race, ethnicity, gender and discrimination, amateurism and professionalism, and anglo-colonial patterns of labor, work, and leisure.Protestant ethics and values such as goal oriented behavior, rational labor, and competitive achievement are referred to as prominent influencers of sports in American society by scholars. During the Victorian era where values such as sedentary lifestyles and domesticity were upheld, Protestant viewed sports as a source of deflection from time that would have been spent in cultivation of ones faith (Struna). Nonetheless, in the advent of sports and games in the 19th century, men sought the company of fellow men in the active participation in exercise and fraternal lodges. This new culture seemingly emerged in Protestant churches and was referred to as Muscular Christianity whereby women formed the largest number of church participants (Struna Puritans and Sp orts 15). By appraising the fragility of women and their feminine ways, Christianity promoted Sports and physical culture in America. During that period, the church promoted male participation of sports by affirming that positive values of men were exhibited by their participation in sports. This then led to the development of entertainment, games, and young mens clubs and organizations. Additionally, the YMCA movement, initiated in the 19th century, strived to show the connection between salvation and physical exercise and health. In this respect, the protestant movement encouraged the organization of outdoor activities such as camping as well as organizing sports in an attempt to build and cultivate masculine bodies that would be able to effectively evangelize (Struna Puritans and Sports 19). In their defense, clergies argued that sports were religious in the sense that they promoted discipline and were organized in nature. Further, they believed that sports instilled religious v alues among participant and spectators alike such as honesty, diligence, integrity, and faith among others.Another common theme that emerged with the advent of sports was ethnology, a concept associated with factors such as racism, prejudice, and discrimination, whereby Caucasians were thus the only participant in sports and gaming events of the time. With the resurgence of games such as baseball, basketball, and football, there was establishment of African American teams that were consistent of non-white players only (Spalding). Similarly, in games such as horse racing, athletics, basketball, football and bicycling, white sportsmen were pitted against African Americans. However, with increased participation and dominance of African Americans in sports, Caucasians managers and athletes alike banned interracial competition. This was also applicable in sports such as boxing where white boxers insistently refused to fight African Americans upon the defeat of a famous Caucasian boxer. I n an attempt to mask there fear of fighting African Americans, whites fabricated numerous reason stating that African Americans suffered from low intelligence, inferior physicality, criminal tendencies, laziness, and a lack of ambition. Such was not only evidence of racism but also white supremacy where whites deemed themselves superior to individuals belonging to other racial and ethnic groups.Gender segregation was equally apparent in the early 19th century sports. At the time, women were perceived as the weaker sex and were particularly discouraged to participate in sports especially performance endurance sports such as athletics, boxing, cycling, and weightlifting (Struna, Gender and Sporting Practice 11). Owing to the fact that women were regarded to as the weaker sex, critics argued that sport was harmful to their health particularly their reproductive health. Their implication in this case was that the female body was not designed to sustain sports related shock. Stereotypes such as these fueled gender-based segregation in sports.Since the occurrence of the first Olympic games in the early 18th century, the concept of nationalism and sports have been closely entwined seeing as the Olympics provided a platform for significant competition among nations (Spirit of the Times). Often, states have used sporting competition to propagate national conflict that reaches beyond sports. Even though involvement of political agendas is against sporting ethos, nations have been known to popularize their political agendas through global sports competition such as the Olympics. Despite raging conflict within a nation, participants and spectators alike were known to putting aside such conflicts during the Olympics where nations were required to compete against each other (Spirit of the Times). Similarly, in the Pan American games, African Americans athletes and sports men and women were allowed to represent America as their performance and presence asserted them as suita ble representatives of the state. The Olympics and Pan American games necessitated Americans to shelter their ideologies on white supremacy and racism in order to allow African Americans to represent the state during the games as they had proved to be formidable sportsmen and competitor in games such as athletics and basketball.In the early 19th century, the affluent in society closely guarded the concept of amateur sports whereby participants actively engaged in sports activity without remuneration. However, as professional sports continued to gain traction in the American society, there was need to distinguish between amateurs and professionals. This was especially evident with the formation of professional sporting clubs and organizations, which were willing to remunerate individual in order for them to participate actively in sports (Jansen). This decision not only served as an incentive to increase the number of sports participants, it also revolutionized the concept of sport f rom an amateur activity to a professional career. Whereas the upper and middle class who dominated the sport were against the concept of professionalism, the working class rigorously advocated for compensation for participation in sports. In their defense, proponents of amateur sports argued that monetary reward promoted highest reward per performance instead of highest performance for the stated reward. On the contrary, the working class argued that their six days a week work scheduled restrained them from active participation in sports hence, monetary reward was a feasible incentive ...

The Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde - 1750 Words

The Hidden Symbols in The Importance of Being Earnest The Importance of Being Earnest written by Oscar Wilde takes place in 1895 and exposes the hypocritical social expectations of the end of the Victorian era. During the Victorian period, marriage was about protecting your resources and keeping socially unacceptable impulses under control. The play undeniable reveals and focuses satire around differences between the behaviors of the upper class and that of the lower class. Oscar Wilde uses comedic symbolism of specific objects and witty satire to uncover a flawed society and its views on marriage. In order to fully appreciate the symbolism in this play, you must be acquainted with a little background information of Oscar Wilde and the Era in which he lived. Oscar Fingal O Flahertie Wills Wilde was born on October 16, 1854 in Dublin, Ireland. According to his biography â€Å"Around the same time that he was enjoying his greatest literary success, Wilde commenced an affair with a yo ung man named Lord Alfred Douglas. On February 18, 1895, Douglas s father, the Marquis of Queensberry, who had gotten wind of the affair, left a calling card at Wilde s home addressed to Oscar Wilde: Posing Sodomite, Although Wilde s homosexuality was something of an open secret, he was so outraged by Queensberry s note that he sued him for libel. The decision ruined his life.† (Bio) He was most known for his fictional writing making point of social disparages. Wilde wrote in the preface toShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde707 Words   |  3 PagesWebsters dictionary defines earnest as â€Å"characterized by or proceeding from an intense and serious state of mind. Which can be considered a pun since thought this play we see the characters being more apathetic. The Importance of Being Earnest is the story of Jack Worthing is the main character and the protagonist of this play. He is a well of business man who lives in the country and is very well r espected there. But Jack has a secret he lives another in the city of London where he claims to goRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde913 Words   |  4 Pagesmake them known. This concept has come to be the brick and mortar of the wry play The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde The significance of the notion of being earnest is contradicted in the play, through Wilde’s clever use of words, characters digression of societal normalcy, and triviality of Victorian concepts. Cynical character Algernon asserts that women of Victorian society reinforce the importance of orderly money as a type of social contract. On page 3, it is quickly established theRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde975 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Being Earnest is a play written by Oscar Wilde about a man named Jack who lies about his identity and ends up creating huge confusion about who he really is. The biggest notion that appears throughout the play is about character. There are many instances where the characters of the play lie about their identities and pretend to be people they are not. Oscar Wilde does this throughout the play in order to explain how one’s identity can be made up. One is not born with an identity;Read MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde773 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play by Oscar Wilde â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest†, Wilde takes a comedic stance on a melodrama, portraying the duplicity of Victorian traditions and social values as the modernism of the twentieth century begins to emerge. The idea of the play revolves around its title of the characters discovering the importance of being earnest to their individual preferences. The author uses the traditional efforts of finding a marriage partner to illustrate the conflicting pressure of Victorian valuesRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1293 Words   |  6 Pagescarrying yourself, many of which was not the must enjoyable of ways and lacked some fun that many need in their life. This forced many to split their Public life from the Private one. Written in the Victorian Era, the works of The importance of being earnest by Oscar Wilde, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson ,and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley displays how the characters need to keep be kept their Private lives separate from their Public lives in order to fit into their strict VictorianRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1318 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Status in Persuasion and The Importance of Being Earnest Social status refers to a person s position or importance within a society. I have done some research and have acquired information over the way social status is addressed in both the writings of Jane Austen and Oscar Wilde. In the novel Persuasion we can see how the characters go beyond their means to uphold their title and social value. In the play The Importance of Being Earnest we can see how the social rank and wealth of a personRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1364 Words   |  6 PagesIn order to fully understand the meaning of â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest† and its importance in its time, one must look at Oscar Wilde’s background in relation to the Victorian time period. Biography.com states that Wilde had a very social life, growing up among influential Victorians and intellectuals of the time. As he grew older and became a successful writer, he began engaging in homosexual affairs which was a crime during the 19th century. He e ventually started a relationship with AlfredRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1382 Words   |  6 Pagesappeared to be strict. The Importance of Being Earnest, by Oscar Wilde, a nineteenth century author who was one of the most acclaimed playwrights of his day, is a play set in the Victorian time period that demonstrates how trivial telling the truth was. Different characters throughout Wilde’s play establish their dishonestly through hiding who they really are and pretending to be someone whom they are not. In an essay titled â€Å"From ‘Oscar Wilde’s Game of Being Earnest,’† Tirthankar Bose describesRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1243 Words   |  5 Pagesexuberant nonconformist and controversial playwright, eminent author Oscar Wilde produced critically acclaimed literary works that defined the essence of late Victorian England. Posthumously recognized for his only novel The Picture of Dorian Gray and satiric comedy The Importance of Being Earnest, Wilde initially acquired criticism for his immoral and unconventional style of writing. Additionally, to his dismay, strife followed Wilde in his personal life as he was notoriously tried and incarceratedRead MoreThe Importance of Being Earnest, by Oscar Wilde1300 Words   |  5 PagesThe play, The Importance of Being Earnest, by Oscar Wilde was written in the Victorian Age of England. During this time morality was connected with sexual restraint and strict codes of conduct in public. This play hilariously critiques Victorian moral and social values while the characters in the play try to figure out the meaning of â€Å"earnestness†. Wilde uses humor and irony to publicly ridicule the self-aggrandizing attitude of the Victorian upper classes, as well as to expose their duplicity and

Gerardus Mercator

Gerardus Mercator was a Flemish cartographer, philosopher, and geographer who is best known for his creation of the Mercator map projection. On the Mercator projection parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude are drawn as straight lines so that they are useful for navigation. Mercator was also known for his development of the term â€Å"atlas† for a collection of maps and his skill in calligraphy, engraving, publishing, and the making of scientific instruments. In addition, Mercator had an interests in mathematics, astronomy, cosmography, terrestrial magnetism, history and theology.   Today Mercator is mostly thought of as a cartographer and geographer and his map projection was used for hundreds of years as the quintessential way to depict the Earth. Many maps using the Mercator projection are still used in classrooms today, despite the development of newer, more accurate map projections. Early Life and Education Gerardus Mercator was born on March 5, 1512 in Rupelmond, County of Flanders (modern-day Belgium). His name at birth was Gerard de Cremer or de Kremer. Mercator is the Latin form of this name and means â€Å"merchant†. Mercator grew up in the Duchy of Julich and was educated Hertogenbosch in the Netherlands where he received training in the Christian doctrine as well as Latin and other dialects.   In 1530 Mercator began studying at the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium where he studied humanities and philosophy. He graduated with his master’s degree in 1532. Around this time Mercator began to have doubts about the religious aspect of his education because he could not combine what he was taught about the origin of the universe with that of Aristotle’s and other more scientific beliefs. After his two years away in Belgium for his master’s degree, Mercator returned to Leuven with an interest in philosophy and geography. At this time Mercator began studying with Gemma Frisius, a theoretical mathematician, physician and astronomer, and Gaspar a Myrica, an engraver and goldsmith. Mercator eventually mastered mathematics, geography, and astronomy and his work, combined with that of Frisius and a Myrica made Leuven a center for the development of globes, maps, and astronomical instruments. Professional Development By 1536 Mercator had proven himself as an excellent engraver, calligrapher, and instrument maker. From 1535 to 1536 he participated in a project to create a terrestrial globe and in 1537 he worked on a celestial globe. Most of Mercator’s work on the globes consisted of the labeling of features with italic lettering.   Throughout the 1530’s Mercator continued to develop into a skilled cartographer and the terrestrial and celestial globes helped to cement his reputation as the leading geographer of that century. In 1537 Mercator created a map of the Holy Land and in 1538 he made a map of the world on a double heart-shaped or cordiform projection. In 1540 Mercator designed a map of Flanders and published a manual on italic lettering called, Literarum Latinarum quas Italicas Cursoriasque Vocant Scribende Ratio.   In 1544 Mercator was arrested and charged with heresy because of his many absences from Leuven to work on his maps and his beliefs toward Protestantism. He was later released due to university support and he was allowed to continue pursuing his scientific studies and print and publish books. In 1552 Mercator moved to Duisburg in the Duchy of Cleve and assisted in the creation of a grammar school. Throughout the 1550’s Mercator also worked on genealogical research for Duke Wilhelm, wrote a Concordance of the Gospels, and compose several other works. In 1564 Mercator created a map of Lorraine and the British Isles. In the 1560’s Mercator began to develop and perfect his own map projection in an effort to help merchants and navigators more effectively plan a course over long distances by plotting it on straight lines. This projection became known as the Mercator projection and was used on his map of the world in 1569. Later Life and Death In 1569 and throughout the 1570s Mercator began a series of publications to describe the creation of the world through maps. In 1569 he published a chronology of the world from Creation to 1568. In 1578 he published another which consisted of 27 maps that were originally produced by Ptolemy. The next section was published in 1585 and consisted of newly created maps of France, Germany and the Netherlands. This section was followed by another in 1589 that included maps of Italy, â€Å"Sclavonia† (the present-day Balkans), and Greece.   Mercator died on December 2, 1594, but his son aided in the production of the final section of his father’s atlas in 1595. This section included maps of the British Isles. Mercator’s Legacy Following its final section being printed in 1595 Mercator’s atlas was reprinted in 1602 and again in 1606 when it was named the â€Å"Mercator-Hondius Atlas.† Mercator’s atlas was one of the first to include maps of the world’s development and it, along with his projection remain as significant contributions to the fields of geography and cartography.

Introduction. There Are Many Factors That Can Effect A

Introduction There are many factors that can effect a child’s development. Some of these factors include: development of aggression, make-believe play, fine motor skills, emotional development, and if they have experienced any atypical influences. In a study conducted by Jacobsen, More, Ivarsson, Wentzel-larson, and Smith, they examine how being in foster care can affect children’s cognitive and social-emotional functioning. It also looks at how different aspects of a child’s placement may also correlate with their findings. This paper examines the early childhood development of Jodie Brown, the true story written by Cathy Glass in her book, Damaged: The Heartbreaking True Story of a Lost Little Girl. Jodie is an eight year old girl whose†¦show more content†¦Jodie has been through five foster homes in four months due to her aggressive and violent outbursts. If Cathy does not agree to look after her, Jodie may be sent to a residential unit. Cathy agrees to look after the young girl, thinking that all she needs is some firm boundaries, love, and kindness. Little is Cathy aware of just how deep the scars of this seven year old girl run. Jodie does not have any sense of what proper behavior is. She has the cognitive development of a four-year-old and has little understanding of proper social interaction. She is not very friendly towards Glass’s other three children. She often yells at them, curses, and kicks them. She is also described to be cold, having a lack of empathy and seeming to not feel any real emotion. It is mentioned multiple times that she only mimics relatively normal emotions that she has witnessed. Jodie has severe learning difficulties. She does not know her ABCs, she cannot count much more than ten, and her language skills are subpar to say the least. It is also noted that she is very uncoordinated and can hardly hold a pencil. A later CAT scan shows she has severe brain damage, probably from being dropped or hit as an infant, which causes these delays in development. There is also the possibility of a lack of simulation when she was an infant. Therefore, her learning capacity will never reach the average level of most children her age. InShow MoreRelatedOutline Of An Project On Inflation Essay1141 Words   |  5 Pagesoriginal. I was in regular contact with nominated guide and contacting him for discussing the project. Date of project submission Signature of Student Signature of faculty guide ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Management is a profession wherein no work can be accomplished without the help and assistance of a large number of people, be it your superiors or subordinates. Good manager is the one who knows how to get the work accomplished with the help of his colleagues. As future managers, we are taughtRead Moremiss Haleema1043 Words   |  5 Pages20 of 33 Attracting Talent 3RTO F204B 1.0 Introduction This report identifies and assesses factors that affect an organisation’s approach to both attracting talent and recruitment and selection. It also explains organisational benefits of attracting and retaining a diverse workforce, as well as methods for recruitment Premium 791  Words 4  Pages Describe the Human Resource Development (Hrd) Process and Critically Examine How Hrd Programmes Can Help Organisations and Its Employees to RemainRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Environment And Society Essay1738 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant issue in the world today and concerning its future. There are many factors that affect global warming and its levels. Though some of these causes of global warming are due to natural events, many are the result of human structures and activities. Global warming is mostly due to the emission of greenhouse gases and can have very negative consequences on the environment and society (â€Å"Global Warming†). Human activities can have positive and negative consequences. Because of increased populationsRead MoreTaguchi Method1514 Words   |  7 PagesCONTENT Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Why to use Taguchi Method †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3-4 Taguchi Method Strategy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 P-diagram †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 Quality Measurement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5-6 Signal To Noise (S/N) Ratios †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6-7 Static Versus Dynamic S/N Ratios†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 Steps in Robust Parameter Design †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7-8 Conclusions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 Introduction TaguchiRead MoreEssay Smoking Tobacco Smoking811 Words   |  4 Pagesencounte Premium 2858 Words 12 Pages Factors that Contribute to the Incidence of Tobacco Smoking among the Students of Puntod National High School: A Basis for Preventative Measure To Deter Student from Smoking ï » ¿CHAPTER 1 The Problem Introduction The use of tobacco is not a recent phenomenon. It has been said that tobacco plants have grown in North and South America since 6,000 B.C.1. It was also believed that tobacco had many healing qualities which made its use widespread2Read MoreEnvironmental Factors That Affect Plant Growth Essay1145 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction All the factors that inhibit plant growth are defined as stresses. Environmental factors influence the characters, composition, growth and development of individual plants and plant communities. When any of these environmental factors exceeds the optimum tolerance of a plant, it produces stress to the plant influenced by the developmental, structural, physiological and biochemical processes of the plant. Towards a stress definition Levitt 1980 defined stress as any environmentalRead MoreThe Influences of Fun and Humour in The Workplace Essay1387 Words   |  6 Pagesof fun and humour have serious detriments to the extent of how much fun and humour can be tolerated today. Issues occur when perceptions of appropriateness and personal barriers affect humour and fun in the workplace between stakeholders. Furthermore, with modern day workplaces, contemporary issues arise when level of access to social networking websites effect factors such as performance and the implications it can have on individuals and the organisation as a whole. The need for an encouragingRead MoreThe Impact Of Culture On International Marketing Communication1486 Words   |  6 PagesEXECUTIVE SUMMARY Cultural factors have long been known to impact the communication and success capability of competition in conducting worldwide business. The objective of this report is to recognize the importance of cultural factors occurring in marketing communications. Therefore, it discusses the following: †¢ Key issues in cross-cultural marketing communication which shows identifying the cultural factors to support marketing communication in the proposed markets and pre-requisites for cross-culturalRead MoreThe Theories of Risk Protective Factors Among Youth Offenders815 Words   |  4 Pages(CRIM 105 South Bend) Connie Wawrzyniak 02/02/2011 The Theories Of Risk And Protective Factors Among Youth Offenders In today’s world there are many risk factors that play into a youths life. A risk factor approach assumes that there are multiple, and overlapping, risk factors in an individuals background that lead to adverse outcomes. Examples of risk factors which may lead to a youth being a offender are non-attendance at school, school failure, substance abuse, being abused, unemploymentRead MorePestel1016 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluential factor when considering change dynamics within any company. Because of this, it is important that each company learns to adapt to any external changes in the macro- environment that become apparent. To do this companies must be aware of factors such as political, economic, social and cultural and technological that may influence their business and their internal processes. For McDonalds, these four factors are significantly influential. The correct way of dealing with the effects of these

A Powerful Weapon Words that Persuade in Shakespeare´s...

The power words are limitless. It does not matter in what language one speaks; persuasion is the key to manipulated people for good or bad. â€Å"Whatever words we utter should be chosen with care for people will hear them and be influenced by them for good or ill.† Words are a weapon, and when one uses words carefully to persuade people, it can lead to chaos. In The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, Shakespeare portrays a universal theme in which friends and enemies turn to against each other, and a war stimulates out of lies and ambition for power. The usage of old and wise words to manipulated people lead to great revelry. In the beginning of the play, one important aspect of the theme is when Cassius tries to persuade Brutus to join sides with the†¦show more content†¦With the combination of Caesar’s arrogance, bravado, and pride, it was facile for Decius to manipulate and persuade Caesar. The final demonstration of the theme is when Antony, a follower of Caesar, cleverly uses pleasant words against Brutus and the conspirators. In the scene where Antony speaks, Caesar is already dead and Antony could publicly speak only if he did not dirtied Brutus’s name or Caesar’s. He blatantly calls the conspirator honorable: â€Å"The noble Brutus/ Hath told you Caesar was ambitious. / If it were so, it was a grievous fault, / And grievously hath Caesar answered it. / Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest/ (For Brutus is an honorable man, / So are they all, all honorable men), / Come I to speak in Caesars’ funeral† (3.2. 912-13). The power of Antony’s speech and the manner her referred to his enemies was fabulous. He achieved the plebeians’ ultimate approval and will succeed in avenging Caesar’s death. He did so by using wise and well-chosen words. Throughout the play, powerful, old, and wise words lead to the plot and theme of The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. A leader that wants power at no cost will hide bad intentions in beautiful words. Words must not be trusted completely, for they lead to

Classical and Contemporary Management Free Essays

string(54) " could be achieved if the rules were not so explicit\." International Information Technology University| Classical and Contemporary Management |   Introduction The world of managing people and processes continues to change dramatically. Managers are faced with the conflicting challenges of understanding and motivating an increasingly diverse workforce, being open and accountable to a wide variety of stakeholders, planning for the future in an increasingly changing environment and considering the ethical implications of decision-making. Nevertheless there is a basis of knowledge that was experienced in the years of production boom which is called classical theory of management. We will write a custom essay sample on Classical and Contemporary Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this paper I will describe them both and provide advantages and drawbacks of each. The Classical School of Management The classical school is the oldest formal school of management. Its begins to develop from the 20th century. The classical school of management generally concerns ways to manage work and organizations more efficiently. Three areas of study that can be grouped under the classical school are: scientific management, administrative management, and bureaucratic management. The classical school of management has sought to define the essence of management in the form of universal fundamental functions. These, it was hoped, would form the cognitive basis for a set of relevant skills to be acquired, by all would-be managers through formal education. Body of the classical school’s management thought was based on the belief that employees have only economical and physical needs, and that social needs and need for job-satisfaction either don’t exist or are unimportant. Accordingly, this school advocates high specialization of labor, centralized decision making, and profit maximization. See also behavioral school of management, contingency school of management, quantitative school of management, and systems school of management. The classical management theory is a school of management in which theorists delved into how to find the best possible way for workers to perform their tasks. The classical management theory is divided into two branches, the classical scientific and the classical administrative. Also consider reading this: Advantages and Disadvantages of Administrative Management The classical scientific branch comes from the scientific mindset of attempting to increase productivity. During the height of the classical scientific theory, theorists would use almost mechanical methods towards labor and organization to achieve goals of productivity and efficiency. Some of the basic techniques of the classical scientific theory include creating standardized methods for a task and dividing work between employees equally. On the other hand, the classical administrative theory focuses on how management can be organized to achieve productivity. Henri Fayol, a leading figure in management theory, devised several management theories geared towards efficiency, such as creating a unified direction among managers, centralization, and discipline. Other management theories focused on building team confidence, such as establishing teamwork, using initiative, and equity. Strengths of Classical Management Theory Current management organization and structure can find much of its roots from the classical management theory. One of the main advantages of the classical management theory was to devise a methodology for how management should operate. Management principles devised during this period can be seen as a foundation for current management behavior today, such as serving as a force of authority and responsibility. In addition, another benefit of the classical management theory is the focus on division of labor. By dividing labor, tasks could be completed more quickly and efficiently, thus allowing productivity to increase. Division of labor can be seen in many applications today, ranging from fast food restaurants to large production facilities. In addition, the classical management theory also gave rise to an autocratic leadership style, allowing employees to take direction and command from their managers. Weaknesses of the Classical Management Theories Classical theories and the principles derived from them continue to be popular today with some modifications. Many criticisms have been directed at the classicists. Several major ones are discussed here. Reliance on experience – many of the writers in the classical school of management developed their ideas on the basis of their experiences as managers or consultants with only certain types of organizations. For instance, Taylor’s and Fayol’s work came primarily from their experiences with large manufacturing firms that were experiencing stable environments. It may be unwise to generalize from those situations to others especially to young, high-technology firms of today that are confronted daily with changes in their competitors’ products. Untested assumptions – Many of the assumptions made by classical writers were based not on scientific tests but on value judgments that expressed what they believed to be proper life-styles, moral codes, and attitudes toward success. For instance, the classical approaches seem to view the life of a worker as beginning and ending at the plant door. Their basic assumption is that workers are primarily motivated by money and that they work only for more money. They also assume that productivity is the best measure of how well a firm is performing. These assumptions fail to recognize that employees may have wants and needs unrelated to the workplace or may view their jobs only as a necessary evil. Failure of considering the informal organization. In their stress on formal relationships in the organization, classical approaches tend to ignore informal relations as characterized by social interchange among workers, the emergence of group leaders apart from those specified by the formal organization, and so forth. When such things are not considered, it is likely that many important factors affecting satisfaction and performance, such as letting employees participate in decision making and task planning, will never be explored or tried. Unintended consequences – classical approaches aim at achieving high productivity, at making behaviors predictable, and at achieving fairness among workers and between managers and workers; yet they fail to recognize that several unintended consequences can occur in practice. For instance, a heavy emphasis on rules and regulations may cause people to obey rules blindly without remembering their original intent. Oftentimes, since rules establish a minimum level of performance expected of employees, a minimum level is all they achieve. Perhaps much more could be achieved if the rules were not so explicit. You read "Classical and Contemporary Management" in category "Essay examples" Human machinery classical theories leave the impression that the organization is a machine and that workers are simply parts to be fitted into the machine to make it run efficiently. Thus, many of the principles are concerned first with making the organization efficient, with the assumption that workers will conform to the work setting if the financial incentives are agreeable. Static conditions – organizations are influenced by external conditions that often fluctuate over time, yet classical management, theory presents an image of an organization that is not shaped by external influences. Since many of these criticisms of the classical school are harsh, several points need to be made in defense of writers during this period. First, the work force was not highly educated or trained to perform many of the jobs that existed at the time. It was not common for workers to think in terms of what â€Å"career† they were going to pursue. Rather, for many, the opportunity to obtain a secure job and a level of wages to provide for their families was all they demanded from the work setting. Second, much of the writing took place when technology was undergoing a rapid transformation, particularly in the area of manufacturing. Indeed, for many writers, technology was the driving force behind organizational and social change. Thus, their focus was on finding ways to increase efficiency. It was assumed that all humankind could do was to adapt to the rapidly changing conditions. Finally, very little had been done previously in terms of generating a coherent and useful body of management theory. Many of the classical theorists were writing from scratch, obliged for the most part to rely on their own experience and observations. Thus their focus is understandably narrow. The Classical School of Management was effectively the first coherent set of theoretical perspectives about organization and management covering Scientific Management, Administrative Management and Structuralized Management. As we know, F. W. Taylor, Henri Fayol, and Max Weber are outstanding contributors of Classical School of management thought who made great contribution and laid a foundation for contemporary management. Contemporary Management The world of managing people and processes continues to change dramatically. Managers are faced with the conflicting challenges of understanding and motivating an increasingly diverse workforce, being open and accountable to a wide variety of stakeholders, planning for the future in an increasingly changing environment and considering the ethical implications of decision-making. Contemporary Management  offers a fresh and integrative view of the manager in the workplace in line with this changing environment. It views the manager as a person, working with people and within an organization, and holding values and ethics. As such, modern issues such as diversity, cultural change and global management are given careful attention. Management is an integrated and sometimes intricate balance of dealing with people within an organizational context. The year that the modern management theory was born was 1911. This year was the year that Frederick Winslow Taylor published his book  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Principles of Scientific Management†,  where he describes the theory of scientific management which is the use of the scientific method to define the â€Å"one best way† for a job to be done. Taylor is known as the father of scientific management. He was a mechanical engineer with a Quaker Puritan background and was appalled at the inefficiency of workers. Employees used different techniques to do the same job. Taylor set out to correct the situation by applying the scientific method to jobs on the shop floor. Organizations can be viewed as two or more people coordinate and combine in use of their knowledge as well as technique for the purpose of accomplishing common objectives that transform resources into goods and service which are needed by consumers. Organizational behavior refers to the systematic study that primarily access influence of individuals, groups and structure on interior organizational conducts in order that organizational effectiveness can be improved and perceived. Taylor wanted to create a mental revolution among the workers and management by defining clear guidelines for improving production efficiency. He defined four principles of management which are: 1. Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work, which replaces the old rule of thumb method. . Scientifically select and the train, teach, and develop the worker. 3. Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done according to the principles of the science that has been developed. 4. Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes over all work for which it is better fitted than the workers. Taylor argued that following these principles would benefit both management and workers. Workers would earn more pay, and management more profits. Using scientific management techniques, Taylor was able to define the one best way for doing each job. Then, he could select the right people for the job and train them to do it precisely in this one best way. TO motivate workers, he favored incentive wage plans. Overall, Taylor achieved improvements in productivity of 200 per cent or more. He stated that the role of managers is to plan and control, and that of workers to perform as they were instructed. On the other hand, the classical administrative theory focuses on how management can be organized to achieve productivity. Henri Fayol, a leading figure in management theory, devised several management theories geared towards efficiency, such as creating a unified direction among managers, centralization, and discipline. Other management theories focused on building team confidence, such as establishing teamwork, using initiative, and equity. General administrative theorists are writers who developed general theories of what managers do and what constitutes good management practice. For example, the functional view of the manager’s job owes its origin to Henry Fayol. They became a frame of reference against which many current concepts have evolved. Conclusion In this paper I have described both schools of management and their advantages and disadvantages, as well as their features and fields of use. Some of them are not used in modern days, some are still actual for us. Anyway those fields of science are developing dramatically from day to day, so may be in next 10 years the modern school of management would be considered as classical. References: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/classical-school-of-management. html http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/classical-school-of-management. tml â€Å"Realist Perspectives on Management and Organisations† by Stephen Ackroyd, Steve Fleetwood http://www. en. articlesgratuits. com/weaknesses-of-the-classical-management-theories-id1592. php http://blog. sina. com. cn/s/blog_4a9ea3cc0100085l. html http://www. enotes. com/management-encyclopedia/management-thought Organisation and Management of Health Care, April 2002, Version 2. 0 , Main Contributor: Katie Enoc k, Public Health Specialist, Harrow Primary Care Trust www. healthknowledge. org. uk Henri Rayol Industrial and General Administration, J. A. Caubrough, trans. (Geneva nternational Management Institute, 1930) How to cite Classical and Contemporary Management, Essay examples

Human and Race free essay sample

Race is a complicated issue in our society today and many people can get â€Å"race† and racism confused. The word â€Å"race† means something different to everyone, and is such a common topic that it affects everyone from all walks of life on a daily basis. In Kwame Anthony Appiah’s essay â€Å"Race, Culture, Identity: Misunderstood Connections† he believed that there should be no â€Å"race† and that there is no concept of correctly looking at it in a single, specific way. Ultimately in my eyes, â€Å"race† is based on much more than just someone’s color. When someone changes how he or she views someone based on their â€Å"race,† that is when people form racism. This brings me to Tommie Shelby’s essay â€Å"Social Identity and Group Solidarity,† in which he talks about thin and thick blackness of racialism, as well as black solidarity. We all aspire to have a utopian view when it comes to â€Å"race†, however through our society, history, and cultural backgrounds these things have made it imperative to ignore the concept of racism so that the only positive approach to â€Å"race† is to be practical and agree with Shelby. We will write a custom essay sample on Human and Race or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Due to the fact of â€Å"race,† we have racism as well. When people first meet someone the first thing they are going to remember is their appearance. As much as people want to deny and ignore that fact, it is extremely common to put stereotypes to people right away. That being said, people’s common physical features and nationality characterize race. When Appiah talks about â€Å"race,† he claims that there should be no â€Å"race† and that all-social groups have their own meanings and outlooks of â€Å"race. † Appiah states that â€Å"the only human race in the United States, I shall argue, is the human race† (102). Not every person will have the same precise definition of â€Å"race. † Appiah basically ignores that our society has â€Å"race†, or at least wants people to ignore it. He believes that there should be no â€Å"race† and in my view I agree to an extent, but through history and cultural backgrounds, it is just not logical. Throughout the years â€Å"race† has brought a slight amount of change, so we must be reasonable about the issue today. Shelby takes a different approach and acknowledges that there are races, and thinks â€Å"blacks should unite and work together because they suffer a common oppression† (584). He feels as though blacks have had a similar motivation and background so they should embrace black solidarity for greater freedom and equality. I think Shelby proves a very valid point that races should stick together because even though everyone is different, we all seem to constantly attach ourselves with who we are most comfortable and have the most commonalities with. Shelby is very straightforward with his views and makes some credible points on â€Å"race. † He understands that racism is happening throughout society and how there are different cultures among blacks, unlike Appiah, who disapproves â€Å"race† all together. Racism is a very delicate subject for some people to discuss. There is an extent from which people will change how they are looking at â€Å"race† to when they are characterizing and facilitating racism against others. Racism is treating someone a certain way based on his or her â€Å"race† which can include making decisions and having attitude and behavior adjustments towards others. If someone is valuing a person more for being a certain type of â€Å"race,† or if he or she is devaluing someone because they are not a certain â€Å"race,† then they are showing racism. Shelby describes a lot about the modes of blackness, which transforms into the â€Å"thickness† and â€Å"thinness† of blackness. Shelby defines â€Å"thin blackness† as â€Å"†¦having certain visible, inherited physical characteristics and a particular biological ancestry† (588). He is taking into account skin color and facial features when he mentions the physical characteristics of thin blackness. Shelby also mentioned â€Å"thick blackness† through the five components, which consist of the racialist mode, ethnic, nationality, cultural, and kinship. The component that stood out to me the most was the racialist mode which Shelby described as â€Å"an underlying cluster of genes, transmitted through biological reproduction, accounts not only for the relatively superficial phenotypic traits that satisfy the criteria for â€Å"thin blackness† but also explains more socially significant traits, such as temperament, aesthetic sensibility, and certain innate talents† (589). I agree with Shelby for the fact that he is reasonably trying to prove that the different modes of blackness show how each individual has their own identity and personality within the modes. Think about how fast we categorize blacks into one group without a second thought, as if its second nature. On the other hand, in Appiah’s essay he mentions Matthew Arnold who talks about racism and how it is not always about physical appearance. â€Å"That we could divide human beings into a small number of groups called ‘races,’ in such a way that the members of these groups shared certain fundamental, heritable, physical, moral, intellectual, and cultural characteristics with one another that they did not share with member of any other race† (Appiah 118). That being said, appearance alone should not determine someone’s â€Å"race† but rather someone’s personality or individuality should be the main focus. To apply the idea of â€Å"race† ethically, we should look at the whole picture, and not just someone’s outer appearance. When looking from all angles of what Appiah and Shelby have discussed, it is easy to debate that Shelby has stronger key aspects to his essay. Because of â€Å"race,† we have racism and they both bring out solid facts to back themselves up. Even though they both make effective arguments, agreeing with Appiah would be close to impossible for the fact that racism will always be in our society whether people like it or not. Not only has racism been apart of our history from the beginning extending back to the period of slavery but will also persistently follow in our cultural backgrounds. Race is so common that it makes it extremely difficult to completely agree with Appiah even though he has the right mindset in how people should truly view the meaning of â€Å"race,† which is ultimately no â€Å"race† at all. Shelby took a different approach that was much more realistic on the view â€Å"race. † He understood that racism is going to happen so he believed that blacks must embrace and preserve their distinctive black identity and stick together. I think that no matter how much people want racism to come to an end it will continuously be a problem to occur if it has not already happened by now in society. With people still categorizing others into different races, racism will still be there as well. Therefore, I am of the opinion that doing away with these categories will help to strengthen and further our society away from racism. Even though I agree with Shelby, it does not necessarily mean that people should rule out Appiah’s advice because in some aspects we should never give up on trying to have no â€Å"race. † In my personal judgment Shelby is being rational about the meaning of â€Å"race† and understands that individuals are diverse, but at the same time that is what brings these so called groups of â€Å"race† together.

Measurement Tools for Research

Question: Describe about the Measurement Tools for Research ? Answer: The instruments used by the practitioners and researchers to help in the evaluation of the patients, clients or subjects and also in the assessment. The tools are used to do the measurements or to collect data on the varieties of the variables which are ranging from the physical functioning. Some of the measurements tools include surveys, interviews, indexes and the informal observations. Research types of questions are usually used for seeking either the countable values or the uncountable values. The countable values are analyzed in the terms of numerical values and on the other hand the uncountable values are analyzed by using the qualitative values. (Scalable Parallel Performance Measurement and Analysis Tools State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges, 2014) There are two types of values which are collected in research. They are the qualitative values and the quantitative values. Following the each research question, anyone can assume the types of the research and also the evaluation of the tools which are most suitable as desired in doing the research practices. 1. Which brands of the bear are consumed and also by how many individuals? In this question it is in search of the qualities of the bear that is consumed by the individuals. The second through the research questions are looking for the numeric based data of the consumer who consume the each brand. The research has the two types of the evaluations. In doing the first evaluation it will apply the methods of the differentiating brands either using the experiments or using the lab test. In the second aspects of the data for doing the research is the numbers of the consumer who consume the each brand. This type of data is quantitative in nature. It will also involve the calculation of the recognized users for the each brand. It therefore makes the research one by using the two different types of the measuring tools of the research. 2. With the three different types of the exams- essay type, multiple choice and the mix of the both which one is most preferred by the students? The research questions are used for in search of the preference in the target group. The chosen type of the exam answers condition method in the search of the judgment. Through this study it is seeking the desired choice and the most valued for answering the exam question. This research is non-empirical and also is open to the responses which are given by the correspondence. On the other hand, all the replies are grouped into any of the three types of the answers which are collected from the target group. The liking is then calculated as the percentages of the whole group which are targeted to do the analysis. Through the questionnaire it offers the close-ended questions which are used for inquiring the preference of the person and also is utilized to gather the information (Bowman, 2014). 3. Up to what amount do the individuals agree with the definition of accounting principles? In this research question it inquires about the values that is the individuals place on the basis of the accounting principles. This type of the research will contains the values which are using the agreement levels of the strong agreement, agreement, disagreement, strong disagreement and the not sure qualitative levels. This question seeks for the level of the appreciation or the quality on the basis of the accounting principles definition. 4. How many people like the existing organizational policy? In this research question it seeks the values which are placed on the organizational policies. In this similar manner in the question number 3, the researcher requires to apply the values of the distinguished levels which are ranging from the strong agreement to the strong disagreement. Then the preference is realized by using the highest percentiles which are indicating in the majorities observe on the basis of the organizational policy. 5. The age varies of the employees in the organization. In doing the collection of the figures of the employees within the organization the two approaches are used. In doing the direct questioning of the employees age by using the questionnaires can be used or by the collection of the raw data from the human resource department and then the values are placed into the categories or the classes. 6. What are the numbers of the employees in each of the 20 department of the company? Through this kind of research it seeks the numerical values and also from the human resource department. This is one of the indirect research and the more of the data analysis procedures. The analysis of the values uses the specific numerical figures for the each of the departments. References: Bowman, J. (2014). Data, analysis, action!. Research World, 2014(46), pp.22-26. Scalable Parallel Performance Measurement and Analysis Tools State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges. (2014). SuperFRI, 1(2).

Philosophy Of Medicine Essays (3957 words) -

Philosophy Of Medicine The book, the Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down by Anne Fadiman is an objective look into the world of two different cultures and their belief systems. The viewpoints of the Hmong and of the American doctors represent Hmong culture and the root of Western medicine. The book takes into account how two cultures, rather, two completely opposite worlds are "collided" and their impact on each other (Fadiman 1997). The book uncovers the underlying meaning of how different Western medicine can be from different cultures and its challenges and consequences. In addition, Fadiman questions the very basics of philosophy by taking into account the simple metaphysics and moral ethics that face Lia's doctors and parents and what role society plays. The book questions the belief system of Western medicine as well as the Hmong beliefs and cultural practices. Fadiman encourages us to think of the root of Western culture and medicine as well as learning about the Hmong's beliefs. Which is more relevant? When a patient is in a life or death situation, whose opinion and expertise on medicine holds higher ground? In the case of Lia Lee, this was the problem. Why was Hmong culture and practice irrelevant in the eyes of the many doctors and nurses that cared for Lia? Reading this book, it is obvious to see the philosophy of western medicine versus the Hmong culture. This book helps clearly define western culture and its biomedical system by contrasting it to the Hmong's. The book, more than anything, else analyzes the epistemological, metaphysical, and moral viewpoints of both western medicine and that of the Hmong culture and questions their validity and effectiveness. Epistemology is the theory of knowledge(Tauber). In this book, the theory of knowledge can be posed by one question. How did Lea get sick? This question leads to two different viewpoints ? Western medicine and culture and the Hmong. The root of Western medicine is biomedicine. What makes biomedicine unique and sets it apart from other cultures is the idea that there is only one answer and one truth behind that. Simply stated, it is a matter of facts and the question of what, not how(Tauber). This is the primary difference between Hmong culture and Western medicine. In the book, Lia's doctors wanted to know the one problem that was causing Lia to have severe seizures. They neglected to ask how Lia got sick. The view of Lia's parents was the complete opposite. They wanted to know how Lia got sick and if this meant Lia was blessed with a gift and would become a "txiv neeb(Fadiman)." To understand the epistemological perspective of the Hmong, we must first take into account their cultural identity and how they practiced it. The Hmong were adamant in their belief system and were wary of the doctors in Merced in there care of Lia. Under their care, they believed; Lia would have been healed. The Hmong cultures to cure an illness, in Lia's case the quag dab peg, there were animal sacrifices made. Lia's parents say that Lia's soul had left her when her sister had unintentionally slammed the door. This rationalization that the door frightened Lia and was the cause of the series of medical problems she would face, is an example of the epistemological view of Lia's parents. It was interesting to read in the book, as Faddiman recounts, the way the doctors treated Lia's parents. Because of the cultural barrier, communication problems pertained to everything from signing a document to administration of medication for Lia. Because of the cultural barrier, there were problems of moral ethics as well. Did the doctors ever take into account the parents wishes for their child? Lia's parents believed that the only medication they were willing to give Lia would be the kind that would be fast and preferably in a pill. The Hmong culture is against shots and blood being taken in large quantities as well as anything that could affect the dab and cause evil spirits to enter her soul(Fadiman). Epistemologically speaking, the doctors had a completely different viewpoint of what happened to Lia than her parents. From the doctor's point of view, their main concern was not primarily how Lia got sick but rather where the existence of the illness came from. There main goal as Lia's doctors was to stop the seizures that were taking control of Lia's body and to do that they needed to know where the problem was located. Was the uncontrollable epilepsy caused by a neurological deficit in

The Siege of Jerusalem During the First Crusade

The Siege of Jerusalem During the First Crusade The Siege of Jerusalem was conducted from June 7 to July 15, 1099, during the First Crusade (1096-1099). Crusaders Raymond of ToulouseGodfrey of BouillonApproximately 13,500 troops Fatimids Iftikhar ad-DaulaApproximately 1,000-3,000 troops Background Having captured Antioch in June 1098, the Crusaders remained in the area debating their course of action. While some were content to establish themselves on the already captured lands, others began conducting their own small campaigns or calling for a march on Jerusalem. On January 13, 1099, having concluded the Siege of Maarat, Raymond of Toulouse began moving south towards Jerusalem assisted by Tancred and Robert of Normandy. This group was followed the next month by forces led by Godfrey of Bouillon. Advancing down the Mediterranean coast, the Crusaders met little resistance from local leaders. Recently conquered by the Fatimids, these leaders had limited love for their new overlords and were willing to grant free passage through their lands as well as trade openly with the Crusaders. Arriving at Arqa, Raymond laid siege to the city. Joined by Godfreys forces in March, the combined army continued the siege though tensions among the commanders ran high. Breaking off the siege on May 13, the Crusaders moved south. As the Fatimids were still attempting to consolidate their hold on the region, they approached the Crusader leaders with offers of peace in exchange for halting their advance. These were rebuffed, and the Christian army moved through Beirut and Tyre before turning inland at Jaffa. Reaching Ramallah on June 3, they found the village abandoned. Aware of the Crusaders intentions, the Fatimid governor of Jerusalem, Iftikhar ad-Daula, began preparing for a siege. Though the citys walls were still damaged from the Fatimid capture of the city a year earlier, he expelled Jerusalems Christians and poisoned several of the areas wells. While Tancred was dispatched to capture Bethlehem (taken on June 6), the Crusader army arrived before Jerusalem on June 7. The Siege of Jerusalem Lacking sufficient men to invest the entire city, the Crusaders deployed opposite Jerusalems northern and western walls. While Godfrey, Robert of Normandy, and Robert of Flanders covered the walls of the north as far south as the Tower of David, Raymond took responsibility for attacking from the tower to Mount Zion. Though food was not an immediate issue, the Crusaders had problems obtaining water. This, combined with reports that a relief force was departing Egypt forced them to move quickly. Attempting a frontal assault on June 13, the Crusaders were turned back by the Fatimid garrison. Four days later the Crusader hopes were boosted when Genoese ships arrived at Jaffa with supplies. The ships were quickly dismantled, and the timber rushed to Jerusalem for building siege equipment. This work began under the eye of the Genoese commander, Guglielmo Embriaco. As preparations progressed, the Crusaders made a penitential procession around the city walls on July 8 which culminated with sermons on the Mount of Olives. In the following days, two siege towers were completed. Aware of the Crusaders activities, ad-Daula worked to strengthen the defenses opposite where the towers were being built. The Final Assault The Crusaders attack plan called for Godfrey and Raymond to attack at opposite ends of the city. Though this worked to split the defenders, the plan was most likely the result of animosity between the two men. On July 13, Godfreys forces began their attack on the northern walls. In doing so, they caught the defenders by surprise by shifting the siege tower further east during the night. Breaking through the outer wall on July 14, they pressed on and attacked the inner wall the next day. On the morning of July 15, Raymonds men began their assault from the southwest. Facing prepared defenders, Raymonds attack struggled, and his siege tower was damaged. As the battle raged on his front, Godfreys men had succeeded in gaining the inner wall. Spreading out, his troops were able to open a nearby gate to the city allowing the Crusaders to swarm into Jerusalem. When word of this success reached Raymonds troops, they redoubled their efforts and were able to breach the Fatimid defenses. With the Crusaders entering the city at two points, ad-Daulas men began fleeing back towards the Citadel. Seeing further resistance as hopeless, ad-Daula surrendered when Raymond offered protection. The Aftermath In the wake of the victory, the Crusader forces began a widespread massacre of the defeated garrison and the citys Muslim and Jewish populations. This was sanctioned mainly as a method for cleansing the city while also removing a threat to the Crusader rear as they would soon need to march out against the Egyptian relief troops. Having taken the objective of the Crusade, the leaders began dividing the spoils. Godfrey of Bouillon was named Defender of the Holy Sepulchre on July 22 while Arnulf of Chocques became the Patriarch of Jerusalem on August 1. Four days later, Arnulf discovered a relic of the True Cross. These appointments created some strife within the crusader camp as Raymond and Robert of Normandy were angered by Godfreys election. With word that the enemy was approaching, the Crusader army marched out on August 10. Meeting the Fatimids at the Battle of Ascalon, they won a decisive victory on August 12.