The Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde - 1750 Words

The Hidden Symbols in The Importance of Being Earnest The Importance of Being Earnest written by Oscar Wilde takes place in 1895 and exposes the hypocritical social expectations of the end of the Victorian era. During the Victorian period, marriage was about protecting your resources and keeping socially unacceptable impulses under control. The play undeniable reveals and focuses satire around differences between the behaviors of the upper class and that of the lower class. Oscar Wilde uses comedic symbolism of specific objects and witty satire to uncover a flawed society and its views on marriage. In order to fully appreciate the symbolism in this play, you must be acquainted with a little background information of Oscar Wilde and the Era in which he lived. Oscar Fingal O Flahertie Wills Wilde was born on October 16, 1854 in Dublin, Ireland. According to his biography â€Å"Around the same time that he was enjoying his greatest literary success, Wilde commenced an affair with a yo ung man named Lord Alfred Douglas. On February 18, 1895, Douglas s father, the Marquis of Queensberry, who had gotten wind of the affair, left a calling card at Wilde s home addressed to Oscar Wilde: Posing Sodomite, Although Wilde s homosexuality was something of an open secret, he was so outraged by Queensberry s note that he sued him for libel. The decision ruined his life.† (Bio) He was most known for his fictional writing making point of social disparages. Wilde wrote in the preface toShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde707 Words   |  3 PagesWebsters dictionary defines earnest as â€Å"characterized by or proceeding from an intense and serious state of mind. Which can be considered a pun since thought this play we see the characters being more apathetic. The Importance of Being Earnest is the story of Jack Worthing is the main character and the protagonist of this play. He is a well of business man who lives in the country and is very well r espected there. But Jack has a secret he lives another in the city of London where he claims to goRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde913 Words   |  4 Pagesmake them known. This concept has come to be the brick and mortar of the wry play The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde The significance of the notion of being earnest is contradicted in the play, through Wilde’s clever use of words, characters digression of societal normalcy, and triviality of Victorian concepts. Cynical character Algernon asserts that women of Victorian society reinforce the importance of orderly money as a type of social contract. On page 3, it is quickly established theRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde975 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Being Earnest is a play written by Oscar Wilde about a man named Jack who lies about his identity and ends up creating huge confusion about who he really is. The biggest notion that appears throughout the play is about character. There are many instances where the characters of the play lie about their identities and pretend to be people they are not. Oscar Wilde does this throughout the play in order to explain how one’s identity can be made up. One is not born with an identity;Read MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde773 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play by Oscar Wilde â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest†, Wilde takes a comedic stance on a melodrama, portraying the duplicity of Victorian traditions and social values as the modernism of the twentieth century begins to emerge. The idea of the play revolves around its title of the characters discovering the importance of being earnest to their individual preferences. The author uses the traditional efforts of finding a marriage partner to illustrate the conflicting pressure of Victorian valuesRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1293 Words   |  6 Pagescarrying yourself, many of which was not the must enjoyable of ways and lacked some fun that many need in their life. This forced many to split their Public life from the Private one. Written in the Victorian Era, the works of The importance of being earnest by Oscar Wilde, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson ,and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley displays how the characters need to keep be kept their Private lives separate from their Public lives in order to fit into their strict VictorianRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1318 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Status in Persuasion and The Importance of Being Earnest Social status refers to a person s position or importance within a society. I have done some research and have acquired information over the way social status is addressed in both the writings of Jane Austen and Oscar Wilde. In the novel Persuasion we can see how the characters go beyond their means to uphold their title and social value. In the play The Importance of Being Earnest we can see how the social rank and wealth of a personRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1364 Words   |  6 PagesIn order to fully understand the meaning of â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest† and its importance in its time, one must look at Oscar Wilde’s background in relation to the Victorian time period. Biography.com states that Wilde had a very social life, growing up among influential Victorians and intellectuals of the time. As he grew older and became a successful writer, he began engaging in homosexual affairs which was a crime during the 19th century. He e ventually started a relationship with AlfredRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1382 Words   |  6 Pagesappeared to be strict. The Importance of Being Earnest, by Oscar Wilde, a nineteenth century author who was one of the most acclaimed playwrights of his day, is a play set in the Victorian time period that demonstrates how trivial telling the truth was. Different characters throughout Wilde’s play establish their dishonestly through hiding who they really are and pretending to be someone whom they are not. In an essay titled â€Å"From ‘Oscar Wilde’s Game of Being Earnest,’† Tirthankar Bose describesRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1243 Words   |  5 Pagesexuberant nonconformist and controversial playwright, eminent author Oscar Wilde produced critically acclaimed literary works that defined the essence of late Victorian England. Posthumously recognized for his only novel The Picture of Dorian Gray and satiric comedy The Importance of Being Earnest, Wilde initially acquired criticism for his immoral and unconventional style of writing. Additionally, to his dismay, strife followed Wilde in his personal life as he was notoriously tried and incarceratedRead MoreThe Importance of Being Earnest, by Oscar Wilde1300 Words   |  5 PagesThe play, The Importance of Being Earnest, by Oscar Wilde was written in the Victorian Age of England. During this time morality was connected with sexual restraint and strict codes of conduct in public. This play hilariously critiques Victorian moral and social values while the characters in the play try to figure out the meaning of â€Å"earnestness†. Wilde uses humor and irony to publicly ridicule the self-aggrandizing attitude of the Victorian upper classes, as well as to expose their duplicity and

Gerardus Mercator

Gerardus Mercator was a Flemish cartographer, philosopher, and geographer who is best known for his creation of the Mercator map projection. On the Mercator projection parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude are drawn as straight lines so that they are useful for navigation. Mercator was also known for his development of the term â€Å"atlas† for a collection of maps and his skill in calligraphy, engraving, publishing, and the making of scientific instruments. In addition, Mercator had an interests in mathematics, astronomy, cosmography, terrestrial magnetism, history and theology.   Today Mercator is mostly thought of as a cartographer and geographer and his map projection was used for hundreds of years as the quintessential way to depict the Earth. Many maps using the Mercator projection are still used in classrooms today, despite the development of newer, more accurate map projections. Early Life and Education Gerardus Mercator was born on March 5, 1512 in Rupelmond, County of Flanders (modern-day Belgium). His name at birth was Gerard de Cremer or de Kremer. Mercator is the Latin form of this name and means â€Å"merchant†. Mercator grew up in the Duchy of Julich and was educated Hertogenbosch in the Netherlands where he received training in the Christian doctrine as well as Latin and other dialects.   In 1530 Mercator began studying at the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium where he studied humanities and philosophy. He graduated with his master’s degree in 1532. Around this time Mercator began to have doubts about the religious aspect of his education because he could not combine what he was taught about the origin of the universe with that of Aristotle’s and other more scientific beliefs. After his two years away in Belgium for his master’s degree, Mercator returned to Leuven with an interest in philosophy and geography. At this time Mercator began studying with Gemma Frisius, a theoretical mathematician, physician and astronomer, and Gaspar a Myrica, an engraver and goldsmith. Mercator eventually mastered mathematics, geography, and astronomy and his work, combined with that of Frisius and a Myrica made Leuven a center for the development of globes, maps, and astronomical instruments. Professional Development By 1536 Mercator had proven himself as an excellent engraver, calligrapher, and instrument maker. From 1535 to 1536 he participated in a project to create a terrestrial globe and in 1537 he worked on a celestial globe. Most of Mercator’s work on the globes consisted of the labeling of features with italic lettering.   Throughout the 1530’s Mercator continued to develop into a skilled cartographer and the terrestrial and celestial globes helped to cement his reputation as the leading geographer of that century. In 1537 Mercator created a map of the Holy Land and in 1538 he made a map of the world on a double heart-shaped or cordiform projection. In 1540 Mercator designed a map of Flanders and published a manual on italic lettering called, Literarum Latinarum quas Italicas Cursoriasque Vocant Scribende Ratio.   In 1544 Mercator was arrested and charged with heresy because of his many absences from Leuven to work on his maps and his beliefs toward Protestantism. He was later released due to university support and he was allowed to continue pursuing his scientific studies and print and publish books. In 1552 Mercator moved to Duisburg in the Duchy of Cleve and assisted in the creation of a grammar school. Throughout the 1550’s Mercator also worked on genealogical research for Duke Wilhelm, wrote a Concordance of the Gospels, and compose several other works. In 1564 Mercator created a map of Lorraine and the British Isles. In the 1560’s Mercator began to develop and perfect his own map projection in an effort to help merchants and navigators more effectively plan a course over long distances by plotting it on straight lines. This projection became known as the Mercator projection and was used on his map of the world in 1569. Later Life and Death In 1569 and throughout the 1570s Mercator began a series of publications to describe the creation of the world through maps. In 1569 he published a chronology of the world from Creation to 1568. In 1578 he published another which consisted of 27 maps that were originally produced by Ptolemy. The next section was published in 1585 and consisted of newly created maps of France, Germany and the Netherlands. This section was followed by another in 1589 that included maps of Italy, â€Å"Sclavonia† (the present-day Balkans), and Greece.   Mercator died on December 2, 1594, but his son aided in the production of the final section of his father’s atlas in 1595. This section included maps of the British Isles. Mercator’s Legacy Following its final section being printed in 1595 Mercator’s atlas was reprinted in 1602 and again in 1606 when it was named the â€Å"Mercator-Hondius Atlas.† Mercator’s atlas was one of the first to include maps of the world’s development and it, along with his projection remain as significant contributions to the fields of geography and cartography.

Introduction. There Are Many Factors That Can Effect A

Introduction There are many factors that can effect a child’s development. Some of these factors include: development of aggression, make-believe play, fine motor skills, emotional development, and if they have experienced any atypical influences. In a study conducted by Jacobsen, More, Ivarsson, Wentzel-larson, and Smith, they examine how being in foster care can affect children’s cognitive and social-emotional functioning. It also looks at how different aspects of a child’s placement may also correlate with their findings. This paper examines the early childhood development of Jodie Brown, the true story written by Cathy Glass in her book, Damaged: The Heartbreaking True Story of a Lost Little Girl. Jodie is an eight year old girl whose†¦show more content†¦Jodie has been through five foster homes in four months due to her aggressive and violent outbursts. If Cathy does not agree to look after her, Jodie may be sent to a residential unit. Cathy agrees to look after the young girl, thinking that all she needs is some firm boundaries, love, and kindness. Little is Cathy aware of just how deep the scars of this seven year old girl run. Jodie does not have any sense of what proper behavior is. She has the cognitive development of a four-year-old and has little understanding of proper social interaction. She is not very friendly towards Glass’s other three children. She often yells at them, curses, and kicks them. She is also described to be cold, having a lack of empathy and seeming to not feel any real emotion. It is mentioned multiple times that she only mimics relatively normal emotions that she has witnessed. Jodie has severe learning difficulties. She does not know her ABCs, she cannot count much more than ten, and her language skills are subpar to say the least. It is also noted that she is very uncoordinated and can hardly hold a pencil. A later CAT scan shows she has severe brain damage, probably from being dropped or hit as an infant, which causes these delays in development. There is also the possibility of a lack of simulation when she was an infant. Therefore, her learning capacity will never reach the average level of most children her age. InShow MoreRelatedOutline Of An Project On Inflation Essay1141 Words   |  5 Pagesoriginal. I was in regular contact with nominated guide and contacting him for discussing the project. Date of project submission Signature of Student Signature of faculty guide ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Management is a profession wherein no work can be accomplished without the help and assistance of a large number of people, be it your superiors or subordinates. Good manager is the one who knows how to get the work accomplished with the help of his colleagues. As future managers, we are taughtRead Moremiss Haleema1043 Words   |  5 Pages20 of 33 Attracting Talent 3RTO F204B 1.0 Introduction This report identifies and assesses factors that affect an organisation’s approach to both attracting talent and recruitment and selection. It also explains organisational benefits of attracting and retaining a diverse workforce, as well as methods for recruitment Premium 791  Words 4  Pages Describe the Human Resource Development (Hrd) Process and Critically Examine How Hrd Programmes Can Help Organisations and Its Employees to RemainRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Environment And Society Essay1738 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant issue in the world today and concerning its future. There are many factors that affect global warming and its levels. Though some of these causes of global warming are due to natural events, many are the result of human structures and activities. Global warming is mostly due to the emission of greenhouse gases and can have very negative consequences on the environment and society (â€Å"Global Warming†). Human activities can have positive and negative consequences. Because of increased populationsRead MoreTaguchi Method1514 Words   |  7 PagesCONTENT Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Why to use Taguchi Method †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3-4 Taguchi Method Strategy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 P-diagram †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 Quality Measurement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5-6 Signal To Noise (S/N) Ratios †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6-7 Static Versus Dynamic S/N Ratios†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 Steps in Robust Parameter Design †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7-8 Conclusions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 Introduction TaguchiRead MoreEssay Smoking Tobacco Smoking811 Words   |  4 Pagesencounte Premium 2858 Words 12 Pages Factors that Contribute to the Incidence of Tobacco Smoking among the Students of Puntod National High School: A Basis for Preventative Measure To Deter Student from Smoking ï » ¿CHAPTER 1 The Problem Introduction The use of tobacco is not a recent phenomenon. It has been said that tobacco plants have grown in North and South America since 6,000 B.C.1. It was also believed that tobacco had many healing qualities which made its use widespread2Read MoreEnvironmental Factors That Affect Plant Growth Essay1145 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction All the factors that inhibit plant growth are defined as stresses. Environmental factors influence the characters, composition, growth and development of individual plants and plant communities. When any of these environmental factors exceeds the optimum tolerance of a plant, it produces stress to the plant influenced by the developmental, structural, physiological and biochemical processes of the plant. Towards a stress definition Levitt 1980 defined stress as any environmentalRead MoreThe Influences of Fun and Humour in The Workplace Essay1387 Words   |  6 Pagesof fun and humour have serious detriments to the extent of how much fun and humour can be tolerated today. Issues occur when perceptions of appropriateness and personal barriers affect humour and fun in the workplace between stakeholders. Furthermore, with modern day workplaces, contemporary issues arise when level of access to social networking websites effect factors such as performance and the implications it can have on individuals and the organisation as a whole. The need for an encouragingRead MoreThe Impact Of Culture On International Marketing Communication1486 Words   |  6 PagesEXECUTIVE SUMMARY Cultural factors have long been known to impact the communication and success capability of competition in conducting worldwide business. The objective of this report is to recognize the importance of cultural factors occurring in marketing communications. Therefore, it discusses the following: †¢ Key issues in cross-cultural marketing communication which shows identifying the cultural factors to support marketing communication in the proposed markets and pre-requisites for cross-culturalRead MoreThe Theories of Risk Protective Factors Among Youth Offenders815 Words   |  4 Pages(CRIM 105 South Bend) Connie Wawrzyniak 02/02/2011 The Theories Of Risk And Protective Factors Among Youth Offenders In today’s world there are many risk factors that play into a youths life. A risk factor approach assumes that there are multiple, and overlapping, risk factors in an individuals background that lead to adverse outcomes. Examples of risk factors which may lead to a youth being a offender are non-attendance at school, school failure, substance abuse, being abused, unemploymentRead MorePestel1016 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluential factor when considering change dynamics within any company. Because of this, it is important that each company learns to adapt to any external changes in the macro- environment that become apparent. To do this companies must be aware of factors such as political, economic, social and cultural and technological that may influence their business and their internal processes. For McDonalds, these four factors are significantly influential. The correct way of dealing with the effects of these

A Powerful Weapon Words that Persuade in Shakespeare´s...

The power words are limitless. It does not matter in what language one speaks; persuasion is the key to manipulated people for good or bad. â€Å"Whatever words we utter should be chosen with care for people will hear them and be influenced by them for good or ill.† Words are a weapon, and when one uses words carefully to persuade people, it can lead to chaos. In The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, Shakespeare portrays a universal theme in which friends and enemies turn to against each other, and a war stimulates out of lies and ambition for power. The usage of old and wise words to manipulated people lead to great revelry. In the beginning of the play, one important aspect of the theme is when Cassius tries to persuade Brutus to join sides with the†¦show more content†¦With the combination of Caesar’s arrogance, bravado, and pride, it was facile for Decius to manipulate and persuade Caesar. The final demonstration of the theme is when Antony, a follower of Caesar, cleverly uses pleasant words against Brutus and the conspirators. In the scene where Antony speaks, Caesar is already dead and Antony could publicly speak only if he did not dirtied Brutus’s name or Caesar’s. He blatantly calls the conspirator honorable: â€Å"The noble Brutus/ Hath told you Caesar was ambitious. / If it were so, it was a grievous fault, / And grievously hath Caesar answered it. / Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest/ (For Brutus is an honorable man, / So are they all, all honorable men), / Come I to speak in Caesars’ funeral† (3.2. 912-13). The power of Antony’s speech and the manner her referred to his enemies was fabulous. He achieved the plebeians’ ultimate approval and will succeed in avenging Caesar’s death. He did so by using wise and well-chosen words. Throughout the play, powerful, old, and wise words lead to the plot and theme of The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. A leader that wants power at no cost will hide bad intentions in beautiful words. Words must not be trusted completely, for they lead to

Classical and Contemporary Management Free Essays

string(54) " could be achieved if the rules were not so explicit\." International Information Technology University| Classical and Contemporary Management |   Introduction The world of managing people and processes continues to change dramatically. Managers are faced with the conflicting challenges of understanding and motivating an increasingly diverse workforce, being open and accountable to a wide variety of stakeholders, planning for the future in an increasingly changing environment and considering the ethical implications of decision-making. Nevertheless there is a basis of knowledge that was experienced in the years of production boom which is called classical theory of management. We will write a custom essay sample on Classical and Contemporary Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this paper I will describe them both and provide advantages and drawbacks of each. The Classical School of Management The classical school is the oldest formal school of management. Its begins to develop from the 20th century. The classical school of management generally concerns ways to manage work and organizations more efficiently. Three areas of study that can be grouped under the classical school are: scientific management, administrative management, and bureaucratic management. The classical school of management has sought to define the essence of management in the form of universal fundamental functions. These, it was hoped, would form the cognitive basis for a set of relevant skills to be acquired, by all would-be managers through formal education. Body of the classical school’s management thought was based on the belief that employees have only economical and physical needs, and that social needs and need for job-satisfaction either don’t exist or are unimportant. Accordingly, this school advocates high specialization of labor, centralized decision making, and profit maximization. See also behavioral school of management, contingency school of management, quantitative school of management, and systems school of management. The classical management theory is a school of management in which theorists delved into how to find the best possible way for workers to perform their tasks. The classical management theory is divided into two branches, the classical scientific and the classical administrative. Also consider reading this: Advantages and Disadvantages of Administrative Management The classical scientific branch comes from the scientific mindset of attempting to increase productivity. During the height of the classical scientific theory, theorists would use almost mechanical methods towards labor and organization to achieve goals of productivity and efficiency. Some of the basic techniques of the classical scientific theory include creating standardized methods for a task and dividing work between employees equally. On the other hand, the classical administrative theory focuses on how management can be organized to achieve productivity. Henri Fayol, a leading figure in management theory, devised several management theories geared towards efficiency, such as creating a unified direction among managers, centralization, and discipline. Other management theories focused on building team confidence, such as establishing teamwork, using initiative, and equity. Strengths of Classical Management Theory Current management organization and structure can find much of its roots from the classical management theory. One of the main advantages of the classical management theory was to devise a methodology for how management should operate. Management principles devised during this period can be seen as a foundation for current management behavior today, such as serving as a force of authority and responsibility. In addition, another benefit of the classical management theory is the focus on division of labor. By dividing labor, tasks could be completed more quickly and efficiently, thus allowing productivity to increase. Division of labor can be seen in many applications today, ranging from fast food restaurants to large production facilities. In addition, the classical management theory also gave rise to an autocratic leadership style, allowing employees to take direction and command from their managers. Weaknesses of the Classical Management Theories Classical theories and the principles derived from them continue to be popular today with some modifications. Many criticisms have been directed at the classicists. Several major ones are discussed here. Reliance on experience – many of the writers in the classical school of management developed their ideas on the basis of their experiences as managers or consultants with only certain types of organizations. For instance, Taylor’s and Fayol’s work came primarily from their experiences with large manufacturing firms that were experiencing stable environments. It may be unwise to generalize from those situations to others especially to young, high-technology firms of today that are confronted daily with changes in their competitors’ products. Untested assumptions – Many of the assumptions made by classical writers were based not on scientific tests but on value judgments that expressed what they believed to be proper life-styles, moral codes, and attitudes toward success. For instance, the classical approaches seem to view the life of a worker as beginning and ending at the plant door. Their basic assumption is that workers are primarily motivated by money and that they work only for more money. They also assume that productivity is the best measure of how well a firm is performing. These assumptions fail to recognize that employees may have wants and needs unrelated to the workplace or may view their jobs only as a necessary evil. Failure of considering the informal organization. In their stress on formal relationships in the organization, classical approaches tend to ignore informal relations as characterized by social interchange among workers, the emergence of group leaders apart from those specified by the formal organization, and so forth. When such things are not considered, it is likely that many important factors affecting satisfaction and performance, such as letting employees participate in decision making and task planning, will never be explored or tried. Unintended consequences – classical approaches aim at achieving high productivity, at making behaviors predictable, and at achieving fairness among workers and between managers and workers; yet they fail to recognize that several unintended consequences can occur in practice. For instance, a heavy emphasis on rules and regulations may cause people to obey rules blindly without remembering their original intent. Oftentimes, since rules establish a minimum level of performance expected of employees, a minimum level is all they achieve. Perhaps much more could be achieved if the rules were not so explicit. You read "Classical and Contemporary Management" in category "Essay examples" Human machinery classical theories leave the impression that the organization is a machine and that workers are simply parts to be fitted into the machine to make it run efficiently. Thus, many of the principles are concerned first with making the organization efficient, with the assumption that workers will conform to the work setting if the financial incentives are agreeable. Static conditions – organizations are influenced by external conditions that often fluctuate over time, yet classical management, theory presents an image of an organization that is not shaped by external influences. Since many of these criticisms of the classical school are harsh, several points need to be made in defense of writers during this period. First, the work force was not highly educated or trained to perform many of the jobs that existed at the time. It was not common for workers to think in terms of what â€Å"career† they were going to pursue. Rather, for many, the opportunity to obtain a secure job and a level of wages to provide for their families was all they demanded from the work setting. Second, much of the writing took place when technology was undergoing a rapid transformation, particularly in the area of manufacturing. Indeed, for many writers, technology was the driving force behind organizational and social change. Thus, their focus was on finding ways to increase efficiency. It was assumed that all humankind could do was to adapt to the rapidly changing conditions. Finally, very little had been done previously in terms of generating a coherent and useful body of management theory. Many of the classical theorists were writing from scratch, obliged for the most part to rely on their own experience and observations. Thus their focus is understandably narrow. The Classical School of Management was effectively the first coherent set of theoretical perspectives about organization and management covering Scientific Management, Administrative Management and Structuralized Management. As we know, F. W. Taylor, Henri Fayol, and Max Weber are outstanding contributors of Classical School of management thought who made great contribution and laid a foundation for contemporary management. Contemporary Management The world of managing people and processes continues to change dramatically. Managers are faced with the conflicting challenges of understanding and motivating an increasingly diverse workforce, being open and accountable to a wide variety of stakeholders, planning for the future in an increasingly changing environment and considering the ethical implications of decision-making. Contemporary Management  offers a fresh and integrative view of the manager in the workplace in line with this changing environment. It views the manager as a person, working with people and within an organization, and holding values and ethics. As such, modern issues such as diversity, cultural change and global management are given careful attention. Management is an integrated and sometimes intricate balance of dealing with people within an organizational context. The year that the modern management theory was born was 1911. This year was the year that Frederick Winslow Taylor published his book  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Principles of Scientific Management†,  where he describes the theory of scientific management which is the use of the scientific method to define the â€Å"one best way† for a job to be done. Taylor is known as the father of scientific management. He was a mechanical engineer with a Quaker Puritan background and was appalled at the inefficiency of workers. Employees used different techniques to do the same job. Taylor set out to correct the situation by applying the scientific method to jobs on the shop floor. Organizations can be viewed as two or more people coordinate and combine in use of their knowledge as well as technique for the purpose of accomplishing common objectives that transform resources into goods and service which are needed by consumers. Organizational behavior refers to the systematic study that primarily access influence of individuals, groups and structure on interior organizational conducts in order that organizational effectiveness can be improved and perceived. Taylor wanted to create a mental revolution among the workers and management by defining clear guidelines for improving production efficiency. He defined four principles of management which are: 1. Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work, which replaces the old rule of thumb method. . Scientifically select and the train, teach, and develop the worker. 3. Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done according to the principles of the science that has been developed. 4. Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes over all work for which it is better fitted than the workers. Taylor argued that following these principles would benefit both management and workers. Workers would earn more pay, and management more profits. Using scientific management techniques, Taylor was able to define the one best way for doing each job. Then, he could select the right people for the job and train them to do it precisely in this one best way. TO motivate workers, he favored incentive wage plans. Overall, Taylor achieved improvements in productivity of 200 per cent or more. He stated that the role of managers is to plan and control, and that of workers to perform as they were instructed. On the other hand, the classical administrative theory focuses on how management can be organized to achieve productivity. Henri Fayol, a leading figure in management theory, devised several management theories geared towards efficiency, such as creating a unified direction among managers, centralization, and discipline. Other management theories focused on building team confidence, such as establishing teamwork, using initiative, and equity. General administrative theorists are writers who developed general theories of what managers do and what constitutes good management practice. For example, the functional view of the manager’s job owes its origin to Henry Fayol. They became a frame of reference against which many current concepts have evolved. Conclusion In this paper I have described both schools of management and their advantages and disadvantages, as well as their features and fields of use. Some of them are not used in modern days, some are still actual for us. Anyway those fields of science are developing dramatically from day to day, so may be in next 10 years the modern school of management would be considered as classical. References: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/classical-school-of-management. html http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/classical-school-of-management. tml â€Å"Realist Perspectives on Management and Organisations† by Stephen Ackroyd, Steve Fleetwood http://www. en. articlesgratuits. com/weaknesses-of-the-classical-management-theories-id1592. php http://blog. sina. com. cn/s/blog_4a9ea3cc0100085l. html http://www. enotes. com/management-encyclopedia/management-thought Organisation and Management of Health Care, April 2002, Version 2. 0 , Main Contributor: Katie Enoc k, Public Health Specialist, Harrow Primary Care Trust www. healthknowledge. org. uk Henri Rayol Industrial and General Administration, J. A. Caubrough, trans. (Geneva nternational Management Institute, 1930) How to cite Classical and Contemporary Management, Essay examples

Human and Race free essay sample

Race is a complicated issue in our society today and many people can get â€Å"race† and racism confused. The word â€Å"race† means something different to everyone, and is such a common topic that it affects everyone from all walks of life on a daily basis. In Kwame Anthony Appiah’s essay â€Å"Race, Culture, Identity: Misunderstood Connections† he believed that there should be no â€Å"race† and that there is no concept of correctly looking at it in a single, specific way. Ultimately in my eyes, â€Å"race† is based on much more than just someone’s color. When someone changes how he or she views someone based on their â€Å"race,† that is when people form racism. This brings me to Tommie Shelby’s essay â€Å"Social Identity and Group Solidarity,† in which he talks about thin and thick blackness of racialism, as well as black solidarity. We all aspire to have a utopian view when it comes to â€Å"race†, however through our society, history, and cultural backgrounds these things have made it imperative to ignore the concept of racism so that the only positive approach to â€Å"race† is to be practical and agree with Shelby. We will write a custom essay sample on Human and Race or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Due to the fact of â€Å"race,† we have racism as well. When people first meet someone the first thing they are going to remember is their appearance. As much as people want to deny and ignore that fact, it is extremely common to put stereotypes to people right away. That being said, people’s common physical features and nationality characterize race. When Appiah talks about â€Å"race,† he claims that there should be no â€Å"race† and that all-social groups have their own meanings and outlooks of â€Å"race. † Appiah states that â€Å"the only human race in the United States, I shall argue, is the human race† (102). Not every person will have the same precise definition of â€Å"race. † Appiah basically ignores that our society has â€Å"race†, or at least wants people to ignore it. He believes that there should be no â€Å"race† and in my view I agree to an extent, but through history and cultural backgrounds, it is just not logical. Throughout the years â€Å"race† has brought a slight amount of change, so we must be reasonable about the issue today. Shelby takes a different approach and acknowledges that there are races, and thinks â€Å"blacks should unite and work together because they suffer a common oppression† (584). He feels as though blacks have had a similar motivation and background so they should embrace black solidarity for greater freedom and equality. I think Shelby proves a very valid point that races should stick together because even though everyone is different, we all seem to constantly attach ourselves with who we are most comfortable and have the most commonalities with. Shelby is very straightforward with his views and makes some credible points on â€Å"race. † He understands that racism is happening throughout society and how there are different cultures among blacks, unlike Appiah, who disapproves â€Å"race† all together. Racism is a very delicate subject for some people to discuss. There is an extent from which people will change how they are looking at â€Å"race† to when they are characterizing and facilitating racism against others. Racism is treating someone a certain way based on his or her â€Å"race† which can include making decisions and having attitude and behavior adjustments towards others. If someone is valuing a person more for being a certain type of â€Å"race,† or if he or she is devaluing someone because they are not a certain â€Å"race,† then they are showing racism. Shelby describes a lot about the modes of blackness, which transforms into the â€Å"thickness† and â€Å"thinness† of blackness. Shelby defines â€Å"thin blackness† as â€Å"†¦having certain visible, inherited physical characteristics and a particular biological ancestry† (588). He is taking into account skin color and facial features when he mentions the physical characteristics of thin blackness. Shelby also mentioned â€Å"thick blackness† through the five components, which consist of the racialist mode, ethnic, nationality, cultural, and kinship. The component that stood out to me the most was the racialist mode which Shelby described as â€Å"an underlying cluster of genes, transmitted through biological reproduction, accounts not only for the relatively superficial phenotypic traits that satisfy the criteria for â€Å"thin blackness† but also explains more socially significant traits, such as temperament, aesthetic sensibility, and certain innate talents† (589). I agree with Shelby for the fact that he is reasonably trying to prove that the different modes of blackness show how each individual has their own identity and personality within the modes. Think about how fast we categorize blacks into one group without a second thought, as if its second nature. On the other hand, in Appiah’s essay he mentions Matthew Arnold who talks about racism and how it is not always about physical appearance. â€Å"That we could divide human beings into a small number of groups called ‘races,’ in such a way that the members of these groups shared certain fundamental, heritable, physical, moral, intellectual, and cultural characteristics with one another that they did not share with member of any other race† (Appiah 118). That being said, appearance alone should not determine someone’s â€Å"race† but rather someone’s personality or individuality should be the main focus. To apply the idea of â€Å"race† ethically, we should look at the whole picture, and not just someone’s outer appearance. When looking from all angles of what Appiah and Shelby have discussed, it is easy to debate that Shelby has stronger key aspects to his essay. Because of â€Å"race,† we have racism and they both bring out solid facts to back themselves up. Even though they both make effective arguments, agreeing with Appiah would be close to impossible for the fact that racism will always be in our society whether people like it or not. Not only has racism been apart of our history from the beginning extending back to the period of slavery but will also persistently follow in our cultural backgrounds. Race is so common that it makes it extremely difficult to completely agree with Appiah even though he has the right mindset in how people should truly view the meaning of â€Å"race,† which is ultimately no â€Å"race† at all. Shelby took a different approach that was much more realistic on the view â€Å"race. † He understood that racism is going to happen so he believed that blacks must embrace and preserve their distinctive black identity and stick together. I think that no matter how much people want racism to come to an end it will continuously be a problem to occur if it has not already happened by now in society. With people still categorizing others into different races, racism will still be there as well. Therefore, I am of the opinion that doing away with these categories will help to strengthen and further our society away from racism. Even though I agree with Shelby, it does not necessarily mean that people should rule out Appiah’s advice because in some aspects we should never give up on trying to have no â€Å"race. † In my personal judgment Shelby is being rational about the meaning of â€Å"race† and understands that individuals are diverse, but at the same time that is what brings these so called groups of â€Å"race† together.

Measurement Tools for Research

Question: Describe about the Measurement Tools for Research ? Answer: The instruments used by the practitioners and researchers to help in the evaluation of the patients, clients or subjects and also in the assessment. The tools are used to do the measurements or to collect data on the varieties of the variables which are ranging from the physical functioning. Some of the measurements tools include surveys, interviews, indexes and the informal observations. Research types of questions are usually used for seeking either the countable values or the uncountable values. The countable values are analyzed in the terms of numerical values and on the other hand the uncountable values are analyzed by using the qualitative values. (Scalable Parallel Performance Measurement and Analysis Tools State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges, 2014) There are two types of values which are collected in research. They are the qualitative values and the quantitative values. Following the each research question, anyone can assume the types of the research and also the evaluation of the tools which are most suitable as desired in doing the research practices. 1. Which brands of the bear are consumed and also by how many individuals? In this question it is in search of the qualities of the bear that is consumed by the individuals. The second through the research questions are looking for the numeric based data of the consumer who consume the each brand. The research has the two types of the evaluations. In doing the first evaluation it will apply the methods of the differentiating brands either using the experiments or using the lab test. In the second aspects of the data for doing the research is the numbers of the consumer who consume the each brand. This type of data is quantitative in nature. It will also involve the calculation of the recognized users for the each brand. It therefore makes the research one by using the two different types of the measuring tools of the research. 2. With the three different types of the exams- essay type, multiple choice and the mix of the both which one is most preferred by the students? The research questions are used for in search of the preference in the target group. The chosen type of the exam answers condition method in the search of the judgment. Through this study it is seeking the desired choice and the most valued for answering the exam question. This research is non-empirical and also is open to the responses which are given by the correspondence. On the other hand, all the replies are grouped into any of the three types of the answers which are collected from the target group. The liking is then calculated as the percentages of the whole group which are targeted to do the analysis. Through the questionnaire it offers the close-ended questions which are used for inquiring the preference of the person and also is utilized to gather the information (Bowman, 2014). 3. Up to what amount do the individuals agree with the definition of accounting principles? In this research question it inquires about the values that is the individuals place on the basis of the accounting principles. This type of the research will contains the values which are using the agreement levels of the strong agreement, agreement, disagreement, strong disagreement and the not sure qualitative levels. This question seeks for the level of the appreciation or the quality on the basis of the accounting principles definition. 4. How many people like the existing organizational policy? In this research question it seeks the values which are placed on the organizational policies. In this similar manner in the question number 3, the researcher requires to apply the values of the distinguished levels which are ranging from the strong agreement to the strong disagreement. Then the preference is realized by using the highest percentiles which are indicating in the majorities observe on the basis of the organizational policy. 5. The age varies of the employees in the organization. In doing the collection of the figures of the employees within the organization the two approaches are used. In doing the direct questioning of the employees age by using the questionnaires can be used or by the collection of the raw data from the human resource department and then the values are placed into the categories or the classes. 6. What are the numbers of the employees in each of the 20 department of the company? Through this kind of research it seeks the numerical values and also from the human resource department. This is one of the indirect research and the more of the data analysis procedures. The analysis of the values uses the specific numerical figures for the each of the departments. References: Bowman, J. (2014). Data, analysis, action!. Research World, 2014(46), pp.22-26. Scalable Parallel Performance Measurement and Analysis Tools State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges. (2014). SuperFRI, 1(2).